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Updated: Jan 21, 2026

Manipulation of Gene Function in Mexican Cavefish

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Published on: April 22, 2019

Combinatorial control of gene function with wavelength-selective caged morpholinos.

Sankha Pattanayak¹, Luis Angel Vázquez-Maldonado², Alexander Deiters²

¹Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.

Methods in Enzymology

|August 3, 2019

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed caged morpholino oligonucleotides (cMOs) for precise gene control in developmental biology. This method allows multiple gene regulation using different light wavelengths, enhancing research capabilities in animal models.

Keywords:

Antisense oligonucleotides Caged morpholinos Developmental biology Gene silencing Photolabile linkers Wavelength-selective activation Zebrafish

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Area of Science:

Developmental Biology
Molecular Biology
Biotechnology

Background:

Caged morpholino oligonucleotides (cMOs) offer spatiotemporal control over gene expression in whole organisms.
Current cMO technology typically relies on single-wavelength light activation.
Combinatorial gene regulation requires methods responsive to multiple distinct wavelengths.

Purpose of the Study:

To describe the design and synthesis of wavelength-selective cMOs.
To enable combinatorial regulation of multiple genes using spectrally distinct chromophores.
To provide detailed protocols for cMO synthesis and application in animal models.

Main Methods:

Design and synthesis of cMOs using commercially available reagents.
Detailed synthetic protocols for linkers and two-step cMO assembly.
Microinjection and photoactivation techniques for cMO application in zebrafish embryos.

Main Results:

Successful preparation of spectrally separated cyclic cMOs.
Demonstrated ability to inhibit multiple genes of interest using distinct wavelengths.
Established protocols applicable to various animal models.

Conclusions:

Wavelength-selective cMOs provide a powerful tool for combinatorial gene regulation.
This approach enhances spatiotemporal control of gene expression in developmental studies.
The described methods facilitate the use of cMOs in diverse biological research.