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Related Concept Videos

Mismatch Repair01:36

Mismatch Repair

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Mismatch Repair01:20

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Organisms are capable of detecting and fixing nucleotide mismatches that occur during DNA replication. This sophisticated process requires identifying the new strand and replacing the erroneous bases with correct nucleotides. Mismatch repair is coordinated by many proteins in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
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Overview of DNA Repair02:25

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In order to be passed through generations, genomic DNA must be undamaged and error-free. However, every day, DNA in a cell undergoes several thousand to a million damaging events by natural causes and external factors. Ionizing radiation such as UV rays, free radicals produced during cellular respiration, and hydrolytic damage from metabolic reactions can alter the structure of DNA. Damages caused include single-base alteration, base dimerization, chain breaks, and cross-linkage.
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Base Excision Repair01:54

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One of the common DNA damages is the chemical alteration of single bases by alkylation, oxidation, or deamination. The altered bases cause mispairing and strand breakage during replication. This type of damage causes minimal change to the DNA double helix structure and can be repaired by the base excision repair (BER) pathways. BER corrects damaged DNA sequences by removing the damaged base and restoring the original base sequence using the complementary strand as a template.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 21, 2026

Direct Lineage Reprogramming of Adult Mouse Fibroblast to Erythroid Progenitors
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Direct Lineage Reprogramming for Brain Repair: Breakthroughs and Challenges.

Rory Vignoles1, Célia Lentini1, Marie d'Orange1

  • 1Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, F-69500 Bron, France.

Trends in Molecular Medicine
|August 3, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Direct lineage reprogramming converts non-neuronal cells into induced neurons (iNs) for central nervous system (CNS) repair. This approach shows promise for cell-replacement therapy, despite challenges for clinical translation.

Keywords:
brain repaircell-fate conversiondirect reprogrammingglial cells

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Central nervous system (CNS) injuries cause devastating, permanent deficits due to limited neuronal regeneration in adult mammals.
  • Current therapeutic strategies for CNS repair are limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore direct lineage reprogramming for converting non-neuronal cells into induced neurons (iNs) as a potential brain repair strategy.
  • To evaluate the progress and potential of iNs in promoting functional recovery.

Main Methods:

  • Direct lineage reprogramming of various cell types into induced neurons (iNs).
  • Utilizing transcriptomics and epigenetics to understand neuronal reprogramming mechanisms.
  • Evaluating the functional recovery potential of iNs in pathological models.

Main Results:

  • Successful conversion of diverse cell types into clinically relevant induced neurons (iNs) from mouse and human sources.
  • Advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms of neuronal reprogramming.
  • Initial evaluations suggest iNs may promote functional recovery in disease contexts.

Conclusions:

  • Direct lineage reprogramming offers a promising avenue for central nervous system (CNS) repair by generating induced neurons (iNs).
  • While challenges remain for clinical application, this cell-replacement therapy holds significant potential for regenerative medicine.