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Related Concept Videos

Mechanical Protein Functions01:58

Mechanical Protein Functions

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Proteins perform many mechanical functions in a cell. These proteins can be classified into two general categories- proteins that generate mechanical forces and proteins that are subjected to mechanical forces. Proteins providing mechanical support to the structure of the cell, such as keratin, are subjected to mechanical force, whereas proteins involved in cell movement and transport of molecules across cell membranes, such as an ion pump, are examples of generating mechanical force. 
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Chemical reactions often occur in a stepwise fashion, involving two or more distinct reactions taking place in a sequence. A balanced equation indicates the reacting species and the product species, but it reveals no details about how the reaction occurs at the molecular level. The reaction mechanism (or reaction path) provides details regarding the precise, step-by-step process by which a reaction occurs.
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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Structural Isomerism02:34

Structural Isomerism

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Isomerism in Complexes
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Lipids include a diverse group of compounds that are largely nonpolar in nature. This is because they are hydrocarbons that include mostly nonpolar carbon-carbon or carbon-hydrogen bonds. Non-polar molecules are hydrophobic (“water fearing”), or insoluble in water. Lipids perform many different functions in a cell. Cells store energy for long-term use in the form of fats. Lipids also provide insulation from the environment for plants and animals. For example, they help keep aquatic...
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RNases H: Structure and mechanism.

Malwina Hyjek1, Małgorzata Figiel2, Marcin Nowotny3

  • 1ProBiostructures, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Trojdena 4, Warsaw, 02-109, Poland.

DNA Repair
|August 3, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ribonuclease H (RNase H) enzymes, crucial for genome stability, remove RNA from DNA-RNA hybrids. This review details RNase H1, H2, and H3 mechanisms, substrate recognition, and structural insights.

Keywords:
RNase H1RNase H2RNase H3Ribonuclease HTwo-Metal-Ion catalysis

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Ribonuclease H (RNase H) enzymes are essential endonucleases found across all life forms.
  • They play critical roles in nucleic acid metabolism, including the removal of RNA from DNA-RNA hybrids.
  • RNase H domains are also integral components of retroviral reverse transcriptases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diverse classes of RNase H enzymes (H1, H2, and H3).
  • To elucidate their distinct substrate specificities and enzymatic cleavage mechanisms.
  • To highlight structural insights into nucleic acid recognition and processing by RNase H family proteins.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of extensive biochemical and structural studies.
  • Analysis of enzymatic assays and structural data for RNase H classes.
  • Comparative analysis of substrate recognition and catalytic mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • RNase H1 cleaves RNA in RNA/DNA hybrids, crucial for R-loop removal.
  • RNase H2 removes RNA from hybrids and cleaves single ribonucleotides in DNA.
  • RNase H3, found in Archaea and bacteria, shares structural similarities with H2 but exhibits H1-like biochemical properties.

Conclusions:

  • RNase H enzymes are vital for genome stability through R-loop resolution.
  • Understanding their structure-function relationships provides fundamental insights into nucleic acid processing.
  • The distinct properties of RNase H classes underscore their specialized cellular roles.