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Related Concept Videos

Base Excision Repair01:54

Base Excision Repair

26.1K
One of the common DNA damages is the chemical alteration of single bases by alkylation, oxidation, or deamination. The altered bases cause mispairing and strand breakage during replication. This type of damage causes minimal change to the DNA double helix structure and can be repaired by the base excision repair (BER) pathways. BER corrects damaged DNA sequences by removing the damaged base and restoring the original base sequence using the complementary strand as a template.
The first step of...
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DNA Topoisomerases02:02

DNA Topoisomerases

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Topoisomerases are enzymes that relax overwound DNA molecules during various cell processes, including DNA replication and transcription. These enzymes regulate positive and negative DNA supercoiling without changing the nucleotide sequence. DNA overwinding in a clockwise direction results in positively supercoiled DNA, whereas underwinding in a counterclockwise direction produces negatively supercoiled DNA.
Types and Mechanism of action
Topoisomerases are divided into two main types. ...
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Regulated Protein Degradation02:58

Regulated Protein Degradation

8.8K
It is vital to regulate the activity of enzymatic as well as non-enzymatic proteins inside the cell. This can be achieved either through creating a balance between their rate of synthesis and degradation or regulating the intrinsic activity of the protein. Both these regulation mechanisms play an essential role in the normal functioning of cells.
Protein degradation plays two important roles in the cells. It helps to protect cells from misfolded or damaged proteins before they lead to a...
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Protein Complexes with Interchangeable Parts01:57

Protein Complexes with Interchangeable Parts

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Groups of proteins may form a complex where each protein in this complex has a different role in the overall execution of the complex’s function. Often some of the proteins in the complex can be replaced by a closely related variant to give a complex that contains many of the same components yet is functionally distinct.
The SCF ubiquitin ligase is a protein complex of five individual proteins. This complex attaches ubiquitin to other target proteins to mark them for degradation. In order...
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Nucleotide Excision Repair01:08

Nucleotide Excision Repair

40.6K
Overview
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Long-patch Base Excision Repair01:02

Long-patch Base Excision Repair

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Since the discovery of the two BER pathways, there has been a debate about how a cell chooses one pathway over the other and the factors determining this selection. Numerous in vitro experiments have pointed out multiple determinants for the sub-pathway selection. These are:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 21, 2026

In Vitro Analysis of E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Function
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In Vitro Analysis of E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Function

Published on: May 14, 2021

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Ligation and Ligases.

Michael R Green, Joseph Sambrook

    Cold Spring Harbor Protocols
    |August 3, 2019
    PubMed
    Summary

    DNA ligases are essential tools for molecular cloning, enabling the joining of nucleic acid fragments. This review explores bacterial and bacteriophage-encoded DNA ligases with distinct properties for novel DNA combinations.

    Area of Science:

    • Molecular Biology
    • Biochemistry
    • Genetics

    Background:

    • DNA ligases are crucial enzymes in molecular biology.
    • They facilitate the joining of DNA fragments, a fundamental process in genetic engineering.
    • Understanding different types of DNA ligases is key to optimizing molecular cloning techniques.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To provide an overview of DNA ligases used in molecular cloning.
    • To differentiate between bacterial and bacteriophage-encoded DNA ligases.
    • To highlight the distinct properties of various DNA ligase enzymes.

    Main Methods:

    • Literature review of DNA ligase applications.
    • Comparative analysis of enzyme properties.
    • Discussion of enzyme origins (bacterial vs. bacteriophage).

    More Related Videos

    Functional Characterization of RING-Type E3 Ubiquitin Ligases In Vitro and In Planta
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    Functional Characterization of RING-Type E3 Ubiquitin Ligases In Vitro and In Planta

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    Highly Efficient Ligation of Small RNA Molecules for MicroRNA Quantitation by High-Throughput Sequencing
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    Highly Efficient Ligation of Small RNA Molecules for MicroRNA Quantitation by High-Throughput Sequencing

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    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jan 21, 2026

    In Vitro Analysis of E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Function
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    In Vitro Analysis of E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Function

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    Functional Characterization of RING-Type E3 Ubiquitin Ligases In Vitro and In Planta
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    Functional Characterization of RING-Type E3 Ubiquitin Ligases In Vitro and In Planta

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    Highly Efficient Ligation of Small RNA Molecules for MicroRNA Quantitation by High-Throughput Sequencing
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    Highly Efficient Ligation of Small RNA Molecules for MicroRNA Quantitation by High-Throughput Sequencing

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    Main Results:

    • DNA ligases are primarily used for creating novel nucleic acid combinations.
    • They are essential for attaching nucleic acid molecules to vectors in molecular cloning.
    • Bacterial and bacteriophage-encoded DNA ligases exhibit diverse characteristics.

    Conclusions:

    • DNA ligases are indispensable for modern molecular biology and genetic manipulation.
    • The choice of DNA ligase depends on specific cloning applications and desired outcomes.
    • Further research into DNA ligase properties can lead to enhanced biotechnological tools.