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Related Concept Videos

Standing Waves01:17

Standing Waves

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Sometimes waves do not seem to move; rather, they just vibrate in place. Unmoving waves can be seen on the surface of a glass of milk kept in a refrigerator, which is one example of standing waves. Vibrations from the refrigerator motor create waves on the milk that oscillate up and down but do not seem to move across the surface. These waves are formed or created by the superposition of two or more identical moving waves in opposite directions. The waves move through each other, with their...
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Standing Electromagnetic Waves01:15

Standing Electromagnetic Waves

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Electromagnetic waves can be reflected; the surface of a conductor or a dielectric can act as a reflector. As electric and magnetic fields obey the superposition principle, so do electromagnetic waves. The superposition of an incident wave and a reflected electromagnetic wave produces a standing wave analogous to the standing waves created on a stretched string.
Suppose a sheet of a perfect conductor is placed in the yz-plane, and a linearly polarized electromagnetic wave traveling in the...
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Standing Waves in a Cavity01:28

Standing Waves in a Cavity

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A household microwave and lasers are examples of standing electromagnetic waves in a cavity. When two conducting metal plates are placed parallel at the nodal planes, it creates a cavity where standing waves are formed. The cavity between the two planes is analogous to a stretched string held at the points x = 0 and x = L. Here, the distance 'L' between the two planes must be an integer multiple of half of the wavelength. The wavelengths that satisfy this condition are given by:
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Modes of Standing Waves: II01:04

Modes of Standing Waves: II

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The starting point for expressing the modes of standing waves is understanding the boundary conditions that the waves must follow. The boundary conditions are derived from the physical understanding of how the standing waves are sustained, that is, how the vibrating particles of the medium behave at the boundaries imposed on them.
For a tube open at one end and closed at the other filled with air, the modes are such that there is always an antinode at the open end and a node at the closed end....
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Modes of Standing Waves - I01:03

Modes of Standing Waves - I

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A close look at earthquakes provides evidence for the conditions appropriate for resonance, standing waves, and constructive and destructive interference. A building may vibrate for several seconds with a driving frequency matching the building's natural frequency of vibration; this produces a resonance that results in one building collapsing while the neighboring buildings do not. Often, buildings of a certain height are devastated, while other taller buildings remain intact. This...
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Patient-centered Care01:13

Patient-centered Care

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Patient-centered care involves delivering care beyond inpatient hospitalization. Reflective practice can enhance a patient-centered approach. Reflective practice is a process of reasoning that considers all aspects of the present situation, including practicalities, learning from personal practice, and consideration of patient needs. Patients appreciate care decisions made while considering their input. Involving the patient in their care provides the patient with a sense of contribution rather...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 21, 2026

Combined Supine and Standing Imaging for Varicocele: An Improved Diagnostic Approach
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Combined Supine and Standing Imaging for Varicocele: An Improved Diagnostic Approach

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[Cardioband®: Where do we stand, who are suitable patients?]

C Frerker1, T Schmidt2, R Pfister2

  • 1Klinik III für Innere Medizin, Herzzentrum Uniklinik Köln, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Köln, Deutschland. Christian.Frerker@gmail.com.

Herz
|August 3, 2019
PubMed
Summary

The Cardioband® system offers a safe and effective catheter-based treatment for functional mitral regurgitation (FMR) caused by annular dilatation. This direct annuloplasty procedure demonstrated high technical success and favorable survival rates at one year.

Keywords:
CathetersEdge-to-edgeMitraClip®Mitral valve annuloplastyMitral valve insufficiency

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Medicine
  • Interventional Cardiology
  • Medical Devices

Background:

  • Functional mitral regurgitation (FMR) involves mitral valve annulus dilatation, leading to leaflet malcoaptation or tethering.
  • Left ventricular dilatation is a common cause of FMR.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the safety and efficacy of the Cardioband® system for treating FMR.
  • To assess the technical success and clinical outcomes of catheter-based direct mitral annuloplasty.

Main Methods:

  • A European CE approval study analyzed 60 patients with moderate to severe FMR.
  • The Cardioband® system, a catheter-based device, was used for direct mitral annuloplasty.

Main Results:

  • The procedure achieved a 97% technical success rate (implantation and tightening).
  • No device or procedure-related deaths occurred.
  • One-year outcomes included 87% overall survival and 66% survival free of heart failure hospital readmission.

Conclusions:

  • Direct annuloplasty with the Cardioband® system is a viable option for patients with FMR due to mitral annulus dilatation.
  • The procedure is safe and effective, with promising one-year clinical results.