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Related Concept Videos

Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Types of Hormones02:13

Types of Hormones

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Hormones can be classified into three main types based on their chemical structures: steroids, peptides, and amines. Their actions are mediated by the specific receptors they bind to on target cells.
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Types of Hormones01:21

Types of Hormones

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Hormones are classified into four main groups: steroids, eicosanoids, amino acid-based derivatives, and peptide hormones.
Steroids and eicosanoids fall under the category of lipid-soluble hormones. Steroids are derived from cholesterol and feature four interconnected carbon rings with variable side chains. Notable examples include estradiol from ovaries and testosterone from testes, exemplifying the critical roles of these lipid-soluble hormones in reproductive physiology. Eicosanoids, derived...
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Hormonal Regulation01:33

Hormonal Regulation

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The renin-aldosterone system is an endocrine system which guides the renal absorption of water and electrolytes, thus managing blood pressure and osmoregulation. Activation of the system begins in the kidneys with a small cluster of cells adjacent to the afferent and efferent blood vessels of the renal corpuscle. As the nephrons are filtering blood, juxtaglomerular cells monitor blood pressure. If they detect a decrease in pressure, they release the hormone renin into the bloodstream.
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Hormonal Regulation01:40

Hormonal Regulation

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Hormones regulate a significant portion of digestion through activation of the neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine system of digestion contains many different hormones all with multiple functions that are both, directly and indirectly, involved in digestion.
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In Memoriam: Lawrence Crane Wood (1935-2026).

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 21, 2026

Author Spotlight: Accurately Assessing Thyroid Hormone-Driven Motor Alterations in Mouse
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Author Spotlight: Accurately Assessing Thyroid Hormone-Driven Motor Alterations in Mouse

Published on: October 6, 2023

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Thyroid hormone therapy for hypothyroidism.

Bernadette Biondi1, David S Cooper2

  • 1Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy. bebiondi@unina.it.

Endocrine
|August 3, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Personalizing thyroid hormone replacement therapy is essential for hypothyroid patients. This review covers formulations, monitoring, adverse effects, and innovations for optimal treatment.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Thyroid hormone is crucial for metabolic regulation.
  • Hypothyroidism requires timely and effective hormone replacement.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current practices in thyroid hormone therapy.
  • To discuss management strategies and future innovations.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of thyroid hormone therapy.
  • Analysis of formulations, monitoring, and adverse effects.

Main Results:

  • Various thyroid hormone formulations exist.
  • Overtreatment can lead to adverse effects.
  • Persistent symptoms require careful management.

Conclusions:

  • Personalized thyroid hormone replacement is necessary.
  • Tailoring therapy improves patient outcomes.