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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 21, 2026

Cigarette Smoke Exposure in Mice using a Whole-Body Inhalation System
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Changes in E-Cigarette Use Behaviors and Dependence in Long-term E-Cigarette Users.

Ping Du1, Tongyao Fan2, Jessica Yingst3

  • 1Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania.

American Journal of Preventive Medicine
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This summary is machine-generated.

Long-term e-cigarette use shows a low risk of relapse to smoking. Dependence on e-cigarettes remains stable over time for most users.

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Tobacco Control
  • Behavioral Science

Background:

  • Long-term effects of e-cigarette use are not well understood.
  • Risks of relapse to cigarette smoking and dependence levels require further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess changes in e-cigarette use behaviors over time.
  • To evaluate the risk of relapse to cigarette smoking among e-cigarette users.
  • To examine the stability of e-cigarette dependence in long-term users.

Main Methods:

  • A longitudinal online survey design was employed.
  • 1,863 baseline respondents (2012-2014) were followed up in 2017-2018.
  • E-cigarette dependence was measured using the Penn State Electronic Cigarette Dependence Index (PSECDI).

Main Results:

  • Of 494 subjects with complete data, most exclusive e-cigarette users remained exclusive.
  • A small proportion of exclusive users became poly users or relapsed to smoking.
  • Poly users showed a tendency to switch to exclusive e-cigarette use.
  • Mean PSECDI scores remained stable between baseline and follow-up.

Conclusions:

  • The risk of relapse to cigarette smoking appears low among long-term e-cigarette users.
  • E-cigarette dependence levels are generally stable over time.
  • Findings contribute to understanding the long-term public health implications of e-cigarette use.