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Related Concept Videos

Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output01:22

Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output

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Cardiac output (CO), the amount of blood the heart pumps per minute, is a parameter in cardiovascular physiology determined by stroke volume and heart rate. Stroke volume, the amount of blood pushed from one of the ventricles per heartbeat, is influenced by preload, afterload, and contractility.
Preload
Preload refers to the initial elongation of the cardiac myocytes before contraction and is related to the volume of blood filling the heart at the end of diastole, or end-diastolic volume. The...
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Cardiac Output I:Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output01:19

Cardiac Output I:Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output

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Cardiac Output
Cardiac output (CO) refers to the total amount of blood ejected by one of the ventricles in liters per minute (L/min). In a resting adult, CO ranges from 5 to 6 L/min, adjusting according to the body's metabolic requirements.
Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output
Cardiac output adapts to metabolic demands during stress, physical activity, or illness. The autonomic nervous system regulates heart rate via the sinoatrial node. The parasympathetic nervous system decreases heart...
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Cardiac Cycle01:29

Cardiac Cycle

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The cardiac cycle refers to the sequence of events that occur in the heart from the beginning of one heartbeat to the next. It's characterized by alternating periods of contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole) of the heart muscles.
During the cardiac cycle, blood flow through the heart is regulated entirely by changing pressure gradients. This sequence of events begins with the heart in a state of total relaxation, known as mid-to-late diastole, during which blood passively flows from...
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The Cardiac Cycle01:13

The Cardiac Cycle

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The heart beats rhythmically in a sequence called the cardiac cycle—a rapid coordination of contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole).
The Process
Electrical signals—sent from the sinoatrial (SA) node in the right atrial wall to the atrioventricular (AV) node between the right atrium and right ventricle—cause both atria to simultaneously contract. When the signal reaches the AV node, it pauses for approximately a tenth of a second, allowing the atria to contract and...
97.8K
Exercise and Cardiac Output01:17

Exercise and Cardiac Output

1.8K
Regular physical activity is essential for maintaining cardiovascular health, with aerobic exercises being particularly effective. According to the American Heart Association, 150 minutes of moderate to intense aerobic exercise per week is recommended for a healthy heart. Aerobic activities may include brisk walking, running, bicycling, cross-country skiing, and swimming, ideally performed three to five times per week.
Sustained exercise increases the muscles' oxygen demand, which can be...
1.8K
Imbalances in Cardiac Output01:26

Imbalances in Cardiac Output

2.3K
The heart's primary function is to pump blood throughout the body, maintaining a balance between blood sent out (cardiac output) and blood returning (venous return). If this balance is disrupted, it can result in congestive heart failure (CHF), a severe condition where the heart becomes an inefficient pump, leading to inadequate blood circulation.
CHF can occur due to the failure of either side of the heart. Left-side failure leads to pulmonary congestion—the right side continues to send...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 21, 2026

Genetic Analysis of Hereditary Transthyretin Ala97Ser Related Amyloidosis
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Genetic Analysis of Hereditary Transthyretin Ala97Ser Related Amyloidosis

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Cardiac Amyloidosis: Updates in Imaging.

Liza Chacko1, Raffaele Martone2, Francesco Cappelli2

  • 1National Amyloidosis Centre, University College London, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, NW3 2PF, London, UK.

Current Cardiology Reports
|August 4, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Imaging advances aid early cardiac amyloidosis (CA) diagnosis and differentiation. Cardiac MRI and bone scintigraphy improve diagnostic confidence, crucial for developing CA treatments.

Keywords:
Cardiac amyloidosisCardiomyopathyEchocardiographyImmunoglobulin light chainMagnetic resonance imagingTransthyretin

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Medical Imaging
  • Biomarkers

Background:

  • Cardiac amyloidosis (CA) is a progressive disease.
  • Monoclonal immunoglobulin light chain (AL) and transthyretin type (ATTR) are the most common CA types.
  • Accurate diagnosis is essential for effective management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review key features of AL and ATTR cardiac amyloidosis.
  • To expand on the clinical application of imaging in diagnosing CA.
  • To highlight the role of imaging in differentiating CA from other conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on cardiac amyloidosis diagnosis.
  • Analysis of the utility of various imaging modalities, including cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) and bone scintigraphy.
  • Discussion of diagnostic algorithms and their impact on clinical practice.

Main Results:

  • Imaging advances enable earlier CA identification and improved diagnostic accuracy.
  • Cardiac MRI provides deep insights into CA pathophysiology through tissue characterization.
  • Bone scintigraphy algorithms reduce the need for biopsy and increase diagnostic confidence in ATTR CA.

Conclusions:

  • Imaging is pivotal for early CA diagnosis, differentiation, and monitoring treatment response.
  • Continued advancements in imaging are critical for managing evolving CA therapies.
  • Integrated imaging approaches enhance diagnostic confidence and patient care in cardiac amyloidosis.