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Related Concept Videos

Dose Size and Dosing Frequency: Determination Methods01:21

Dose Size and Dosing Frequency: Determination Methods

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Determining the optimal dose size and dosing frequency in pharmacotherapy is crucial for achieving therapeutic effectiveness while minimizing adverse effects. This article explores the methodologies employed in determining these parameters, focusing on their significance and interplay to tailor dosing regimens.Dose Size: Dose size refers to the amount of a drug administered in a single dose. It is determined based on the drug's pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics properties and...
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Determination of Multiple Dosing Parameters: Loading and Maintenance Doses01:25

Determination of Multiple Dosing Parameters: Loading and Maintenance Doses

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A loading dose is an essential pharmacological strategy to rapidly achieve the target plasma drug concentration necessary for an immediate therapeutic effect. This approach is especially critical for drugs characterized by slow absorption or extended half-lives, where delaying therapeutic plasma levels could compromise treatment outcomes. By administering a loading dose, clinicians ensure a prompt onset of drug action, even for agents with complex pharmacokinetic profiles.Achieving steady-state...
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Rational Dosage Regimen: Maintenance Dose and Loading Dose01:24

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A rational dosage regimen considers a drug's pharmacokinetics, including its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination from the body. By understanding these factors, the appropriate dosage can be determined, and the dosing schedule can be designed to achieve and maintain the desired therapeutic effect while minimizing adverse effects.
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Reducing Line Loss01:18

Reducing Line Loss

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In a three-phase circuit, line loss is an indicator of energy dissipated as heat due to the resistance of transmission lines. To address this, incorporating transformers into the system—a step-up transformer at the source and a step-down transformer at the load—is a strategic solution. Two three-phase transformers are introduced to improve this.
With a step-up transformer at the source, the voltage is increased, thereby reducing the current in the transmission lines since power loss in...
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Methods of reducing fever01:22

Methods of reducing fever

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The signs and symptoms of fever include hot and dry skin, flushed face, thirst, muscle aches, anorexia, headache, tachycardia, tachypnea, and fatigue. Elevated body temperature is reduced using two methods: pharmacological and nonpharmacological. Proper identification and treatment of the root cause of a fever is of utmost importance.
Pharmacological Methods of Reducing Fever:
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Dose-Response Relationship: Overview01:03

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Agonists can bind with and activate receptors, resulting in the formation of drug-receptor complexes. Once formed, these complexes catalyze many biochemical processes at the cellular level and subsequently induce a pharmacologic response. The degree of response is directly proportional to the fraction of activated receptors, which in turn, depends on the concentration of the drug at the receptor site as well as the sensitivity of the receptor. An increase in the administered dose contributes to...
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Updated: Jan 21, 2026

Structure of HIV-1 Capsid Assemblies by Cryo-electron Microscopy and Iterative Helical Real-space Reconstruction
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3D iterative reconstruction can do so much more than reduce dose.

James A Case1

  • 1Cardiovascular Imaging Technologies, 4320 Wornall Road Suite 114, Kansas City, MO, 64111, USA. jcase@cvit.com.

Journal of Nuclear Cardiology : Official Publication of the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology
|August 4, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New cardiac single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) technologies can enhance imaging and patient care. The focus should be on improving image quality and clinical outcomes before reducing radiation doses.

Keywords:
Image reconstructioninstrumentationmodalities

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Area of Science:

  • Nuclear cardiology
  • Medical imaging
  • Radiopharmaceuticals

Background:

  • Recent advancements in cardiac SPECT hardware and software offer transformative potential for nuclear cardiology.
  • Current low-dose protocols lack evidence for patient benefit from further dose reduction.

Discussion:

  • Cardiac SPECT excels in risk stratification, molecular tracer application, and high temporal resolution for electrophysiological disorders.
  • New reconstruction techniques rival or surpass PET in spatial resolution.
  • Research shows potential for absolute blood flow quantification with SPECT.

Key Insights:

  • Cardiac SPECT technology is advancing rapidly, offering improved diagnostic capabilities.
  • The primary goal of adopting new SPECT technologies should be enhanced image quality and patient care.
  • Evidence supporting further dose reduction in already low-dose SPECT protocols is limited.

Outlook:

  • Future applications include improved risk stratification and management of cardiac conditions.
  • SPECT's spatial resolution is becoming increasingly competitive with PET.
  • Absolute blood flow quantification represents a significant emerging capability for SPECT.