Varus alignment aggravates tibiofemoral contact pressure rise after sequential medial meniscus resection

Arthroscopic partial meniscectomy of medial meniscus tears and varus alignment are considered independent risk factors for increased medial compartment load, thus contributing to the development of medial osteoarthritis. The purpose of this biomechanical study was to investigate the effect of lower limb alignment on contact pressure and contact area in the knee joint following sequential medial meniscus resection. It was hypothesized that a meniscal resection of 50% would lead to a significant overload of the medial compartment in varus alignment.

Eight fresh-frozen human cadaveric knees were axially loaded with a 750 N compressive force in full extension with the mechanical axis rotated to intersect the tibia plateau at 30%, 40%, 50%, 60% and 70% of its width. Tibiofemoral mean contact pressure (MCP), peak contact pressure (PCP), and contact area (CA) of the medial and lateral compartment were measured separately using pressure-sensitive films (K-Scan 4000, Tekscan) in four different meniscal conditions, respectively, intact, 50% resection, 75% resection, and total meniscectomy.

Medial MCP was significantly increased when comparing the intact meniscus to each meniscal resection in all tested alignments (p < 0.05). Following meniscal resection of 50%, MCP was significantly higher with greater varus alignment compared to valgus alignment (p < 0.05). Similarly, medial PCP was higher at varus alignment compared to valgus alignment (p < 0.05). Further resection to 75% and 100% of the meniscus resulted in a significantly higher medial PCP at 30% of tibia plateau width compared to all other alignments (p < 0.05). Medial CA of the intact meniscus decreased significantly after 50%, 75% and 100% meniscal resection in all alignments (p < 0.05). Lateral joint pressure was not significantly increased by greater valgus alignment.

Lower limb alignment and the extent of medial meniscal resection significantly affect tibiofemoral contact pressure. Combined varus alignment and medial meniscal resection increased MCP and PCP within the medial compartment, whereas valgus alignment prevented medial overload. As a clinical consequence, lower limb alignment should be considered in the treatment of patients undergoing arthroscopic partial meniscectomy with concomitant varus alignment. In patients presenting with ongoing medial joint tenderness and effusion, realignment osteotomy can be a surgical technique to unload the medial compartment.