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Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions02:34

Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions

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Historical perspective
In 1896, the German chemist Paul Walden discovered that he could interconvert pure enantiomeric (+) and (-) malic acids through a series of reactions. This conversion suggested the involvement of optical inversion during the substitution reaction. Further, in 1930, Sir Christopher Ingold described for the first time two different forms of nucleophilic substitution reactions, which are known as SN1 (nucleophilic substitution unimolecular) and SN2 (nucleophilic substitution...
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Preparation of Alcohols via Substitution Reactions01:38

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Alcohols can be synthesized from alkyl halides via nucleophilic substitution reactions. The highly polar carbon-halogen bond in the substrate makes halide a good leaving group.  The hydroxide ion or water can act as a nucleophile to take the place of halide and form an alcohol. The substitution reactions occur via two different reaction pathways, SN1 or SN2,  depending on the nature of carbon attached to the halide.
Primary alcohols are synthesized from primary alkyl halides, and the...
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The Evidence for Evolution02:55

The Evidence for Evolution

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Genetic variations accumulating within populations over generations give rise to biological evolution. Evolutionary changes can result in the formation of novel varieties and entire new species. These changes are responsible for the diverse forms of life inhabiting the planet. The evidence for evolution suggests that all living organisms descended from common ancestors.
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Reactions of α-Halocarbonyl Compounds: Nucleophilic Substitution01:17

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Nucleophilic substitution in α-halocarbonyl compounds can be achieved via an SN2 pathway. The reaction in α-haloketones is generally carried out with less basic nucleophiles. The use of strong basic nucleophiles leads to the generation of α-haloenolate ions, which often participate in other side reactions.
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Diazonium Group Substitution with Halogens and Cyanide: Sandmeyer and Schiemann Reactions01:20

Diazonium Group Substitution with Halogens and Cyanide: Sandmeyer and Schiemann Reactions

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Arenediazonium substitution reactions occur when the diazonium group is substituted by various functional groups such as halides, hydroxyl, nitrile, etc. For instance, arenediazonium salts react with copper(I) salts of chloride, bromide, or cyanide to form corresponding aryl chlorides, bromides, and nitriles. These reactions are named Sandmeyer reactions. Although the mechanism of this reaction is complicated, as illustrated in Figure 1, they are believed to progress via an aryl copper...
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Convergent Evolution01:54

Convergent Evolution

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Evolution shapes the features of organisms over time, ensuring that they are suited for the environments in which they live. Sometimes, selection pressure leads to the rise of similar but unrelated adaptations in organisms with no recent common ancestors, a process known as convergent evolution.
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Calvarial Model of Bone Augmentation in Rabbit for Assessment of Bone Growth and Neovascularization in Bone Substitution Materials
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Copper-Substituted NiTiO3 Ilmenite-Type Materials for Oxygen Evolution Reaction.

Amandine Guiet1, Tran Ngoc Huan2, Christophe Payen3

  • 1Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans, UMR 6283 CNRS , Le Mans Université , Avenue Olivier Messiaen , 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9 , France.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|August 6, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Copper-substituted nickel titanate (Ni1-xCuxTiO3) nanoparticles show promising electrocatalytic activity for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in alkaline media. The optimized Ni0.8Cu0.2TiO3 catalyst achieved high current densities and long-term stability.

Keywords:
IlmeniteNiCuTiO solid solutionOER electrocatalystscrystal structurenanomaterialsneutron powder diffraction

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Developing efficient electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is crucial for energy conversion technologies.
  • Nickel titanate (NiTiO3) is a promising material, but its properties can be tuned by substitution.
  • Copper substitution in NiTiO3 can modify its structural, optical, and magnetic properties for enhanced catalytic performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize Ni1-xCuxTiO3 (0.05 ≤ x ≤ 0.2) ilmenite-type phases.
  • To investigate the effect of copper substitution on the structural, optical, and magnetic properties of NiTiO3.
  • To evaluate the electrocatalytic performance of these materials for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in alkaline media.

Main Methods:

  • Solid-state reaction route using divalent metal nitrates as precursors.
  • X-ray diffraction (XRD) and powder neutron diffraction for structural analysis.
  • Ball-milling to reduce particle size to nanometer scale (≈15 nm).
  • Electrocatalytic testing for OER in alkaline solutions (NaOH).

Main Results:

  • Successfully synthesized Ni1-xCuxTiO3 phases with varying Cu content.
  • Identified structural changes and evolution of optical/magnetic properties with Cu substitution.
  • Nanometer-sized Ni0.8Cu0.2TiO3 exhibited the best OER activity, reaching 10 mA cm-2 at low overpotentials (345 mV in 1 M NaOH, 470 mV in 0.1 M NaOH).
  • The optimized catalyst demonstrated excellent long-term stability and 90% Faradaic efficiency for O2 production.

Conclusions:

  • Copper substitution effectively enhances the OER activity of NiTiO3.
  • Nanostructuring of Ni0.8Cu0.2TiO3 is key to achieving high catalytic performance.
  • This material shows significant potential as an efficient and stable electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution.