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OSSOS XV: PROBING THE DISTANT SOLAR SYSTEM WITH OBSERVED SCATTERING TNOS.

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Highly inclined trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) challenge classical Kuiper Belt origins. Both Oort Cloud interlopers and a distant planet can explain these outliers, with a 5 Earth-mass planet offering a compelling fit to observed scattering TNOs.

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Area of Science:

  • Planetary Science
  • Astronomy
  • Astrophysics
  • Solar System Dynamics

Background:

  • Most trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) scattering off giant planets align with classical Kuiper Belt origins.
  • A small fraction of scattering TNOs exhibit unusually high inclinations (i > 45°), inconsistent with this origin.
  • These outliers have been hypothesized as Oort Cloud interlopers or evidence of an undiscovered planet.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To test the Oort Cloud and undiscovered planet hypotheses for highly inclined scattering TNOs.
  • To analyze N-body simulations against observational data from the Outer Solar Systems Origins Survey.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized N-body simulations to model the orbital evolution of TNOs.
  • Compared simulation results with observational data of 69 centaurs and scattering TNOs.
  • Accounted for observational biases in the analysis of TNO orbital distributions.

Main Results:

  • Confirmed that classical Kuiper Belt objects alone cannot account for observed high-inclination scatterers.
  • Both Oort Cloud interlopers and a distant 5 Earth-mass planet can generate observable highly inclined scatterers.
  • A distant planet model replicates the fraction of highly inclined scatterers but shows a more excited inclination distribution than observed.

Conclusions:

  • The Oort Cloud hypothesis requires enrichment mechanisms (e.g., galactic migration) to match observed numbers.
  • A distant planet, while plausible, requires further refinement to fully match the observed inclination distribution and longitudinal asymmetry.
  • The orbital distribution of scattering TNOs serves as a powerful constraint for understanding the unobserved outer solar system.