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Related Concept Videos

Antibody Structure01:10

Antibody Structure

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Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins (Ig), are essential players of the adaptive immune system. These antigen-binding proteins are produced by B cells and make up 20 percent of the total blood plasma by weight. In mammals, antibodies fall into five different classes, which each elicits a different biological response upon antigen binding.
The Y-Shaped Structure of Antibodies Consists of Four Polypeptide Chains
Antibodies consist of four polypeptide chains: two identical heavy...
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The Antiviral System of Bacteria and Archaea: CRISPR01:23

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CRISPR stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats is a adaptive immune system found in bacteria and archaea that protects against viral infections. This system enables prokaryotic cells to identify, remember, and neutralize foreign genetic elements, primarily bacteriophages, by storing fragments of the invader’s DNA as a genetic memory.The CRISPR immune response begins during an initial infection. Cas (CRISPR-associated) proteins play a central role in this...
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Animal Mitochondrial Genetics02:59

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Among all the organelles in an animal cell, only mitochondria have their own independent genomes. Animal mitochondrial DNA is a double-stranded, closed-circular molecule with around 20,000 base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA is unique in that one of its two strands, the heavy, or H, -strand is guanine rich, whereas the complementary strand is cytosine rich and called the light, or L, -strand. Compared to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has a very low percentage of non-coding regions and is marked by...
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Tonicity in Animals00:59

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The tonicity of a solution determines if a cell gains or loses water in that solution. The tonicity depends on the permeability of the cell membrane for different solutes and the concentration of nonpenetrating solutes in the solution within and outside of the cell. If a semipermeable membrane hinders the passage of some solutes but allows water to follow its concentration gradient, water moves from the side with low osmolarity (i.e., less solute) to the side with higher osmolarity (i.e.,...
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Tonicity describes the amount of solute in a solution. The measure of the tonicity of a solution, or the total amount of solutes dissolved in a specific amount of solution, is called its osmolarity. Three terms—hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic—are used to relate the osmolarity of a cell to the osmolarity of the extracellular fluid that contains the cells. In a hypotonic solution, such as tap water, the extracellular fluid has a lower concentration of solutes than the fluid inside...
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Updated: Jan 21, 2026

A Method to Assess Fc-mediated Effector Functions Induced by Influenza Hemagglutinin Specific Antibodies
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Deciphering Fc-mediated Antiviral Antibody Functions in Animal Models.

Alan L Schmaljohn1,2, Chiara Orlandi2, George K Lewis2

  • 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.

Frontiers in Immunology
|August 6, 2019
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Understanding antibody properties is crucial for developing effective antiviral therapies and vaccines. New research explores antibody structure, Fc function, and engineered modifications to combat viral infections in mammals.

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ADCCFcFcRanimal modelsantibodyneutralizationvirus

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology and Virology
  • Antibody Engineering and Therapeutics

Background:

  • Persistent challenges exist in identifying effective antibody specificities and properties for combating viral infections in mammals.
  • This knowledge gap impedes progress in antibody-based therapeutics and rational vaccine design.
  • Recent advancements focus on understanding the role of antibody structure, particularly the Fc portion, in vivo viral defense.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore emergent experimental approaches for discerning the functional role of antibody structure in combating viral infections.
  • To highlight key technical opportunities for clarifying antibody efficacy in vivo.
  • To illustrate these opportunities using examples from zoonotic and human-adapted viruses.

Main Methods:

  • Investigating engineered antibody modifications to modulate in vivo activities.
  • Utilizing improved murine models with knockouts and knock-ins of host genes, including Fc receptors.
  • Developing virological design tools to differentiate antibodies based on their primary mechanism of action (viral entry inhibition vs. cell surface antigen targeting).

Main Results:

  • Emerging experimental approaches are providing new insights into antibody structure-function relationships in viral infections.
  • Engineered antibody modifications, advanced animal models, and refined virological assays offer improved methods for evaluating antibody efficacy.
  • These advancements facilitate a clearer understanding of how different antibody properties contribute to combating viral pathogens.

Conclusions:

  • Clarifying the specificities and properties of effective antibodies is essential for advancing antiviral strategies.
  • New experimental avenues, including antibody engineering and improved model systems, are critical for deciphering antibody functions in vivo.
  • These developments hold significant promise for enhancing antibody-based therapies and vaccine development against diverse viral threats.