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Compendial dissolution methods are standardized procedures defined by pharmacopeias to evaluate the rate at which a drug dissolves in a specific medium. These methods ensure batch-to-batch consistency, enable quality control, and support the prediction of drug bioavailability. They are critical for both immediate and modified-release drug products.The apparatuses used for dissolution testing differ in their design and mechanical function, but all aim to simulate the physiological environment of...
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Various dissolution methods are utilized to assess a drug’s dissolution rate, including the flow-through cell, paddle-over-disk, cylinder, and reciprocating disk methods.The flow-through cell apparatus (USP (United States Pharmacopeia) method 4) comprises a reservoir for the dissolution medium and a pump that propels the medium through the cell containing the test sample. This method is crucial for assessing modified-release dosage forms with minimally soluble active ingredients,...
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In vitro dissolution and drug release tests assess how quickly and how much of a drug is released from its dosage form into an aqueous medium under standardized laboratory conditions. These tests are essential tools in pharmaceutical development and quality assurance, offering insight into the drug's performance before clinical use.During formulation development, dissolution testing identifies incomplete or inconsistent drug release issues. It also supports decisions on selecting the optimal...
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Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is...
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Functional groups are groups of atoms with specific chemical properties that occur within organic molecules and are sometimes denoted as “R”. Functional groups can “functionalize” a compound by enabling it to adopt different physical and chemical properties.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 21, 2026

Advanced 3D Liver Models for In vitro Genotoxicity Testing Following Long-Term Nanomaterial Exposure
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Microfluidic Multitissue Platform for Advanced Embryotoxicity Testing In Vitro.

Julia Alicia Boos1, Patrick Mark Misun1, Astrid Michlmayr1

  • 1Bioengineering Laboratory Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering ETH Zürich Mattenstrasse 26 4058 Basel Switzerland.

Advanced Science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)
|August 6, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a microfluidic platform integrating liver metabolism into developmental toxicity testing. The novel metaEST system enhances prediction of adverse drug effects by simulating in vivo metabolic processes.

Keywords:
3D microtissuesbody‐on‐a‐chipdevelopmental toxicityembryonic stem cell testsmicrofluidics

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Area of Science:

  • Toxicology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Microfluidics

Background:

  • Predicting adverse drug effects requires incorporating metabolic competence into in vitro developmental toxicity assays.
  • Current embryonic stem cell tests (EST) lack integrated metabolic capabilities, limiting their predictive power for drug-induced embryotoxicity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a microfluidic platform that integrates human liver microtissues (hLiMTs) with embryoid bodies (EBs) for enhanced in vitro developmental toxicity testing.
  • To assess the impact of drug metabolism on embryotoxicity using a novel integrated system.

Main Methods:

  • A microfluidic hanging-drop platform was designed to combine hLiMTs and EBs, enabling direct metabolite exchange via gravity-driven flow.
  • The platform facilitates continuous intertissue communication and constant medium turnover for realistic physiological simulation.
  • The prodrug cyclophosphamide was used as a proof of concept to evaluate the platform's performance.

Main Results:

  • The integrated metaEST platform demonstrated the transfer of metabolites from hLiMTs to EBs.
  • Biotransformation of cyclophosphamide resulted in a fourfold lower ID50 concentration, indicating increased embryotoxicity due to metabolites.
  • This highlights the critical role of metabolic activation in drug-induced developmental toxicity.

Conclusions:

  • The metaEST platform offers a significant advancement in in vitro developmental toxicity testing by incorporating essential metabolic functions.
  • This tool enhances the predictive accuracy of assays by better reflecting in vivo physiological processes.
  • The platform holds promise for improving the assessment of drug safety during development.