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Strain and Elastic Modulus

Strain and Elastic Modulus

The quantity that describes the deformation of a body under stress is known as strain. Strain is given as a fractional change in either length, volume, or geometry under tensile, volume (also known as bulk), or shear stress, respectively, and is a dimensionless quantity. The strain experienced by a body under tensile or compressive stress is called tensile or compressive strain, respectively. In contrast, the strain experienced under bulk stress and shear stress is known as volume and shear...

Relation between Poisson's ratio, Modulus of Elasticity and Modulus of Rigidity

Relation between Poisson's ratio, Modulus of Elasticity and Modulus of Rigidity

Deformation occurs in axial and transverse directions when an axial load is applied to a slender bar. This deformation impacts the cubic element within the bar, transforming it into either a rectangular parallelepiped or a rhombus, contingent on its orientation. This transformation process induces shearing strain. Axial loading elicits both shearing and normal strains. Applying an axial load instigates equal normal and shearing stresses on elements oriented at a 45° angle to the load axis.

Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete

Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete

The dynamic modulus of elasticity assesses how a concrete structure deforms under impact or dynamic loads. It is typically higher than the static modulus of elasticity, measured under slow, steady loading conditions.
The sonic test is a common method to determine the dynamic modulus. In this test, a concrete beam, sized either 6 x 6 x 30 inches or 4 x 4 x 20 inches, is clamped at its center. Vibrations are initiated at one end of the beam by an electromagnetic exciter unit powered by a...

Bulk Modulus

Bulk Modulus

The bulk modulus is a scientific term used to describe a material's resistance to uniform compression. It is the proportionality constant that links a change in pressure to the resulting relative volume change.

Fineness Modulus

Fineness Modulus

The fineness modulus (FM) of aggregate is a numerical index that measures the coarseness or fineness of the particles. It is calculated by adding the cumulative percentages of aggregate retained on each of a specified series of sieves and dividing the sum by 100.
Consider performing sieve analysis on sand through a set of ASTM sieves. The weight of aggregate retained in each sieve and pan placed at the bottom is recorded, as given in Column B of Table 1.
To determine the fineness modulus of...

What is Variation?

What is Variation?

Apart from the measures of central tendency, distribution, outliers, and the changing characteristics of data with time, an important characteristic of any data set is its variation or spread. In some data sets, the data values are concentrated closely near the mean; in others, the data values are more widely spread out from the mean.
The range, standard deviation, standard error, and variance are the different measures of variation.
Range: The range is the difference between its maximum and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 21, 2026

Automated Production of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cortical and Dopaminergic Neurons with Integrated Live-Cell Monitoring

Automated Production of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cortical and Dopaminergic Neurons with Integrated Live-Cell Monitoring

Published on: August 6, 2020

Variations of Elastic Modulus and Cell Volume with Temperature for Cortical Neurons.

Jacob P Sunnerberg, Peter Moore, Elise Spedden

Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids

|August 6, 2019

Summary

Neuronal soma volume and elastic modulus change with temperature. Increasing temperature softens neurons, impacting cell mechanics and development.

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Last Updated: Jan 21, 2026

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Published on: January 19, 2009

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Biophysics
Cell Biology

Background:

Neurons are sensitive to environmental factors like temperature, which influences their mechanical properties and growth.
Understanding how temperature affects neuronal mechanics is crucial for comprehending neuronal development and function in vivo and ex vivo.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the relationship between ambient temperature, neuronal soma volume, and elastic modulus in cortical neurons.
To quantify temperature-induced changes in neuronal mechanical properties at both bulk and local levels.

Main Methods:

Combined atomic force microscopy (AFM) and fluorescence microscopy were employed.
AFM force mapping was used to measure elastic modulus and create elasticity maps.
Soma volume was measured across a temperature range from 25 °C to 37 °C.

Main Results:

Neuronal soma elastic modulus decreased by a factor of 2 as temperature increased from 25 °C to 37 °C.
Soma volume increased by a factor of 1.3 over the same temperature range.
Temperature-induced variations in elasticity maps were correlated with cytoskeleton dynamics.

Conclusions:

Neuronal soma volume and elastic modulus are temperature-dependent.
A theoretical model was proposed to link soma volume changes with elastic modulus variations.
These findings have implications for understanding neuronal responses to physiological changes and experimental manipulations.