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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 21, 2026

Rapid Isolation of Human Breast Milk-Derived Extracellular Vesicles
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Published on: November 14, 2025

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Melatonin Stability in Human Milk.

Michal Molad1,2, Lilach Ashkenazi3, Ayala Gover1,2

  • 1Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel.

Breastfeeding Medicine : the Official Journal of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine
|August 6, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Melatonin is stable in human breast milk after freezing and defrosting. Night-time breast milk contains significantly higher melatonin levels than day-time milk, suggesting therapeutic potential.

Keywords:
ELISAbreast milklactationmelatoninneonate

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Area of Science:

  • Neonatal Nutrition
  • Biochemistry
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Melatonin, an antioxidant and immune stimulator, has shown benefits for neonates.
  • Melatonin is present in breast milk with a circadian rhythm, but its stability post-freezing and defrosting is unknown.
  • Human milk is crucial for neonatal health, and understanding its components' stability is vital.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the stability of melatonin in human breast milk after freezing and defrosting.
  • To compare melatonin levels in nocturnal versus diurnal breast milk samples.
  • To explore the feasibility of using breast milk as a source of melatonin for neonates.

Main Methods:

  • Collected nocturnal and diurnal breast milk from 13 mothers.
  • Froze samples immediately, then defrosted at room temperature.
  • Measured melatonin levels using a direct Saliva ELISA kit at various time points post-defrosting (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 24 hours).

Main Results:

  • Melatonin levels showed no significant difference across time points after defrosting (p=0.696), indicating stability.
  • Melatonin concentrations were significantly lower in daytime milk compared to night-time milk (p=0.028).
  • Melatonin remained stable in human milk for at least 4 hours and up to 24 hours post-defrosting.

Conclusions:

  • Melatonin is stable in human breast milk for extended periods after freezing and defrosting.
  • Night-time breast milk has higher melatonin content, suggesting potential therapeutic applications.
  • Further research is warranted to investigate the therapeutic benefits of melatonin-rich night breast milk for neonates.