Quantification of Bacteria Indicative of Fecal and Environmental Contamination from Hides to Carcasses

Fecal bacteria, which reside in the gastrointestinal tract of cattle, can contaminate beef carcasses during processing. In beef cattle slaughter plants, the presence and concentrations of generic Escherichia coli, coliforms, Enterobacteriaceae (EB), and total aerobic bacteria are monitored as indicator organisms of fecal and environmental contamination. The objectives of this study were as follows: (1) to determine the concentrations of generic E. coli, coliforms, EB, and aerobic bacteria on beef carcasses at different processing points in Midwestern commercial beef slaughter plants during the summer, spring, and fall seasons; and (2) to estimate bacterial transfer on carcasses during the hide removal and evisceration processes. Hide and carcass surface sample swabs were collected from slaughtered cattle at four large commercial processing plants. At each plant visit (3 visits to each of the 4 plants) and during 3 seasons, 20 samples were collected at 5 points: hide-on (hide of animal near exsanguination pit), hide-off carcass, pre-evisceration carcass, postevisceration carcass, and postintervention carcass, for a total of 3600 samples. Bacterial concentrations were determined using 3M^™ Petrifilm^™ plates. Associations between season and processing plant with concentrations of E. coli, coliforms, EB, and total aerobic bacteria, overall, between hide-on and hide-off, and between pre- and post-evisceration, were evaluated using multilevel mixed-effects linear regression models. Bacterial concentrations on beef carcasses significantly decreased throughout processing. Moreover, hide removal was an important source of carcass contamination, given bacterial concentrations detected on hide-off carcass samples were the highest, and bearing in mind that carcass muscle surfaces should be sterile. Results from this study indicate that the interventions applied by the processing plants were effective, as they probably contributed to the significant reduction of bacterial concentrations of carcasses.