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Related Concept Videos

Types of Receptors: Cell Surface Receptors01:28

Types of Receptors: Cell Surface Receptors

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Cell-surface receptors, also known as transmembrane receptors, are cell surface, membrane-anchored (integral) proteins that bind to external ligand molecules. This type of receptor spans the plasma membrane and performs signal transduction, converting an extracellular signal into an intracellular signal. Ligands that interact with cell-surface receptors do not have to enter the cell that they affect. Cell-surface receptors are also called cell-specific proteins or markers because they are...
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Cell-surface Signaling01:21

Cell-surface Signaling

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Hormones—or any molecule that binds to a receptor, known as a ligand—that are lipid-insoluble (water-soluble) are not able to diffuse across the cell membrane. In order to be able to affect a cell without entering it, these hormones bind to receptors on the cell membrane. When a first messenger, a hormone, binds to a receptor, a signal cascade is set off, causing second messengers, proteins inside the cell, to become activated, resulting in downstream effects.
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Antigen Presenting Cells01:22

Antigen Presenting Cells

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The immune system is a complex network of cells and molecules that protects the body from foreign invaders. T cells, a type of white blood cell, play a crucial role in this process. They recognize and attack foreign substances, such as pathogens, that enter the body.
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Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
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G-protein coupled receptors are ligand binding receptors that indirectly affect changes in the cell. The actual receptor is a single polypeptide that transverses the cell membrane seven times creating intracellular and extracellular loops. The extracellular loops create a ligand specific pocket which binds to neurotransmitters or hormones. The intracellular loops holds onto the G-protein.
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Essential proteins such as insulin or low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and micronutrients such as iron enter a eukaryotic cell through receptor-mediated endocytosis. Subsequently, the early endosomes fuse with the vesicles containing such receptor-ligand complexes and play a vital role in sorting the incoming ligands and receptors. While the ligands are either degraded inside the vesicle or released into the cytosol, their receptors are returned to the plasma membrane for further rounds of...
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Comprehensive Cell Surface Antigen Analysis Identifies Transferrin Receptor Protein-1 (CD71) as a Negative Selection

Vishal Menon1,2,3,4, Ria Thomas1,2,5, Claudio Elgueta6

  • 1Department of Molecular Embryology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.

Stem Cells (Dayton, Ohio)
|August 6, 2019
PubMed
Summary

This study identifies transferrin receptor-1 (CD71) as a marker to distinguish neural stem cells from neurons derived from human pluripotent stem cells. This finding aids in resolving cellular heterogeneity in stem cell research.

Keywords:
CD surface markersCD49b (integrin α-2)CD71Cell sortingCell therapyCell transplantationNeural cell selectionNeural stem cellsNeuronal differentiationPluripotent stem cellsTransferrin receptor

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Cellular subsets are identified using cluster of differentiation (CD) molecules via multicolor flow cytometry.
  • Human pluripotent stem cell-derived neural systems offer a model for characterizing neural cell types by surface antigens.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To exhaustively characterize neural cell types by surface antigens using human pluripotent stem cell-derived neural systems.
  • To develop a strategy for resolving cellular heterogeneity in stem cell paradigms.
  • To identify novel surface markers for neural cell identification and enrichment.

Main Methods:

  • Multiwell screening of surface antigen expression patterns.
  • Detailed validation of expression patterns and dynamics.
  • Utilizing human pluripotent stem cell-derived neural cell systems.

Main Results:

  • A catalog of surface antigens expressed in the neural lineage was generated.
  • Transferrin receptor-1 (CD71) was identified as differentially expressed between neural stem cells and differentiated neurons.
  • N-Myc proto-oncogene (MYCN) was found to maintain CD71 expression in proliferating neural cells.
  • In vitro human stem cell-derived neurons were shown to lack CD71 surface expression.

Conclusions:

  • Differential CD71 expression can identify and enrich CD71-negative neuronal derivatives from heterogeneous cultures.
  • CD71 serves as a valuable marker for distinguishing neural stem cells from differentiated neurons.
  • This strategy is applicable for resolving cellular heterogeneity in stem cell paradigms.