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Polymers02:34

Polymers

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The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...
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Substances that undergo either a physical or a chemical change in solution to yield ions that can conduct electricity are called electrolytes. If a substance yields ions in solution, that is, if the compound undergoes 100% dissociation, then the substance is a strong electrolyte. Complete dissociation is indicated by a single forward arrow. For example, water-soluble ionic compounds like sodium chloride dissociate into sodium cations and chloride anions in aqueous solution.
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Colligative Properties of Electrolytes
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Introduction to Electrolytes01:33

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In humans, electrolytes play a vital role in various physiological processes. Balancing electrolyte levels is essential for normal body functions; their imbalance can be life-threatening. The major electrolytes include sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphate, and bicarbonate. They are primarily involved in physiological processes, such as nerve signal transmission, membrane trafficking, muscle contraction, buffering body fluids, and balancing water levels in the body.
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Water-reducers, or plasticizers, are chemical admixtures used in concrete to improve strength and workability. These additives reduce the water-cement ratio without compromising workability, lower the cement content while maintaining the same workability, or increase workability to assist concrete placement in inaccessible areas.
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Plasticity00:58

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Plasticity is the property where an object loses its elasticity and undergoes irreversible deformation, even after the deformation forces are eliminated. If a material deforms irreversibly without increasing stress or load, then this is called ideal plasticity. For example, when a force is applied to an aluminum rod, it changes its shape, but it does not return to its original shape once the force is removed. Plastic deformation or ductility is thus a permanent deformation or change in the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 21, 2026

Synthesizing a Gel Polymer Electrolyte for Supercapacitors, Assembling a Supercapacitor Using a Coin Cell, and Measuring Gel Electrolyte Performance
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High-Voltage Sulfolane Plasticized UV-Curable Gel Polymer Electrolyte.

Shiqi Wang1,2, Chun Wei3,4, Wenwen Ding1,2

  • 1College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China.

Polymers
|August 7, 2019
PubMed
Summary

This study developed a novel sulfolane plasticized polymer electrolyte for high-voltage batteries. The new gel polymer electrolyte (GPE)-80 demonstrates superior ionic conductivity, electrochemical stability, and cycling performance compared to liquid electrolytes, while suppressing lithium dendrite growth.

Keywords:
UV curablegel polymer electrolytehigh-voltage electrolytelithium batterysulfolane

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Science

Background:

  • High-voltage electrolytes are crucial for matching high-voltage positive electrode materials to maximize battery capacity.
  • Developing stable and efficient electrolytes is key to advancing battery technology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To prepare and characterize a sulfolane plasticized polymer electrolyte via in situ photocuring.
  • To investigate the impact of sulfolane content on ionic conductivity and electrochemical properties.
  • To evaluate the performance of the developed electrolyte in high-voltage batteries.

Main Methods:

  • In situ photocuring to synthesize the gel polymer electrolyte (GPE).
  • Ionic conductivity measurements at variable temperatures to determine activation energy.
  • Electrochemical window tests.
  • Battery cycle performance testing.
  • Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) analysis.

Main Results:

  • Ionic conductivity showed an exponential relationship with sulfolane content.
  • GPE-80 (80 wt.% sulfolane) exhibited an activation energy of 19.5 kJ/mol, ionic conductivity of 0.64 mS/cm, and an electrochemical window of 5.86 V.
  • GPE-80 demonstrated significantly improved initial specific discharge capacity (176.8 mAh/g) and capacity retention (65.5% after 80 cycles) compared to liquid electrolyte.
  • SEM and EDS confirmed that GPE-80 suppresses lithium dendrite growth and inhibits metal ion dissolution from cathode materials.

Conclusions:

  • The sulfolane plasticized polymer electrolyte (GPE-80) offers enhanced ionic conductivity and electrochemical stability.
  • GPE-80 significantly improves battery specific discharge capacity and cycling performance over conventional liquid electrolytes.
  • The developed GPE-80 shows promise for high-voltage battery applications due to its dendrite suppression and metal ion inhibition properties.