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Updated: Jan 21, 2026

Evaluation of the Spatial Distribution of &#947;H2AX following Ionizing Radiation
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Ionizing radiation effects on the tumor microenvironment.

Luigi Portella1, Stefania Scala1

  • 1Functional Genomics, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione "G. Pascale", Naples, Italy.

Seminars in Oncology
|August 7, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Radiotherapy (RT) damages tumor cells, but also triggers immune responses. This "in situ vaccination" effect, mediated by immunogenic cell death and immune cell activation, can lead to abscopal effects in non-irradiated tumors.

Keywords:
AdenosineCXCL12HypoxiaMDSCsSTINGTumor microenvironment

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Radiotherapy Research

Background:

  • Radiotherapy (RT) is a cornerstone in solid tumor treatment, primarily acting by inducing DNA damage and cell death in cancer cells.
  • Traditionally, RT was viewed as immunosuppressive, but emerging evidence suggests it can also stimulate anti-tumor immunity.
  • The abscopal effect, where distant non-irradiated tumors respond to local RT, highlights RT's potential systemic immune-modulating capabilities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the dual role of radiotherapy in cancer management, encompassing direct tumor cell killing and immune system modulation.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms underlying RT-induced anti-tumor immunity and the abscopal effect.
  • To understand how RT can transform irradiated tumor cells into an "in situ vaccine".

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on radiotherapy effects on tumor cells, immune cells, and the tumor microenvironment.
  • Analysis of molecular and cellular mechanisms driving immunogenic cell death and antigen presentation post-RT.
  • Investigation of signaling pathways (e.g., cGAS-STING) involved in RT-induced immune activation.

Main Results:

  • Radiotherapy induces not only direct tumor cell death but also "immunogenic cell death," releasing tumor antigens and damage-associated molecular patterns.
  • RT alters cancer cell immunophenotype and modulates the tumor microenvironment, promoting immune cell infiltration and activation.
  • Activation of innate and adaptive immune systems through mechanisms like the cGAS-STING pathway contributes to systemic anti-tumor responses.

Conclusions:

  • Radiotherapy possesses a dual mechanism of action, combining direct cytotoxic effects with the induction of potent anti-tumor immunity.
  • RT-induced immunogenic cell death and subsequent immune activation can lead to abscopal effects, effectively acting as an "in situ vaccine" against cancer.
  • Harnessing RT-induced immune responses holds significant promise for improving cancer treatment strategies.