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Related Concept Videos

Curing of Concrete01:20

Curing of Concrete

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The hydration of cement takes place within the water-filled capillary pores. However, environmental elements can disrupt this process by evaporating water from the concrete surfaces. Sealed concrete with a water-cement ratio below 0.5 experiences self-desiccation, leading to water loss. The water loss in concrete is mitigated by curing. This technique involves keeping the concrete saturated to maintain the necessary temperature and moisture conditions, to optimally fill the spaces in the cement...
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Curing Methods01:26

Curing Methods

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Concrete members with a small surface-to-volume ratio are cured by oiling and moistening the forms before casting the concrete member. These forms can be left in place for a prolonged period to prevent moisture loss, and can be wetted if made of a material suitable for wetting. If the forms are removed early, the concrete member is moistened and covered with polythene sheets to maintain moisture. For large horizontal concrete surfaces exposed to dry weather, a temporary covering is suspended...
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Accelerated Curing of Concrete01:25

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Accelerating concrete curing is achieved by applying heat and additional moisture. This process accelerates the hydration of the cement, resulting in an earlier strength gain in the concrete. Steam curing is a method wherein the concrete products are either transported through a chamber on a conveyor belt or encased in plastic, allowing steam at atmospheric pressure to circulate freely around them. This process begins with a phase of moist curing that typically lasts between 3 to 5 hours, after...
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Cancer02:18

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Cancers arise due to mutations in genes involved in the regulation of cell division, which leads to unrestricted cell proliferation. Modern science and medicine have made great strides in the understanding and treatment of cancer, including eradicating cancer in some patients. However, there is still no cure for cancer. This is largely due to the fact that cancer is a large group of many diseases.
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What is Cancer?02:12

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Cells and tissues must meticulously coordinate their activities for the normal functioning of the human body. Therefore, they exhibit socially responsible behavior - resting, growing, dividing, differentiating, or dying - for the organism’s benefit. Cancer arises when cells divide uncontrollably and invade other tissues or organs.
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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 21, 2026

A Venturi Effect Can Help Cure Our Trees
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From the Hellstrom paradox toward cancer cure.

Karl Erik Hellstrom1, Ingegerd Hellstrom1

  • 1Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, WA, United States.

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|August 7, 2019
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Cancer immunotherapy using checkpoint inhibitors like CTLA-4, PD-1, and PD-L1 shows promise. Successful treatment involves shifting from tumor-promoting Th2 inflammation to a tumor-inhibiting Th1 response, leading to long-term tumor rejection.

Keywords:
AutoimmunityCheckpoint inhibitorsImmunomodulatory antibodiesImmunosuppressionMouse modelsTumor immunotherapy

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Oncology
  • Cancer Research

Background:

  • Decades ago, research identified cancers as immunologically foreign, even with growing tumors, suggesting an immunosuppressive tumor environment (Hellstrom paradox).
  • Despite early challenges, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting checkpoint inhibitors (CTLA-4, PD-1, PD-L1) are revolutionizing cancer therapy by counteracting tumor-induced immunosuppression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review work using mouse models to enhance the efficacy of checkpoint inhibitor mAbs for long-term cancer rejection.
  • To emphasize the immunological shift associated with successful cancer immunotherapy.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing mouse models to investigate the mechanisms of tumor rejection induced by checkpoint inhibitor therapy.
  • Analyzing the inflammatory response (Th1 vs. Th2) in the tumor microenvironment during immunotherapy.

Main Results:

  • Successful long-term tumor rejection was achieved through immunotherapy targeting checkpoint inhibitors.
  • Immunotherapy efficacy correlated with a switch from a tumor-promoting Th2 inflammatory response to a tumor-inhibiting Th1 response.

Conclusions:

  • Checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy, particularly with mAbs targeting CTLA-4, PD-1, and PD-L1, offers a promising strategy for achieving complete and long-term tumor rejection.
  • The shift towards a Th1-dominant immune response is a critical factor in the success of cancer immunotherapy.