Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Spinal Cord01:26

Spinal Cord

1.6K
The spinal cord, a critical component of the central nervous system, extends from the base of the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. It is essential for maintaining physical stability and facilitating communication between the brain and peripheral parts of the body.
1.6K
The Spinal Cord01:54

The Spinal Cord

31.6K
The spinal cord is the body’s major nerve tract of the central nervous system, communicating afferent sensory information from the periphery to the brain and efferent motor information from the brain to the body. The human spinal cord extends from the hole at the base of the skull, or foramen magnum, to the level of the first or second lumbar vertebra.
31.6K
Spinal Cord: Information Processing01:10

Spinal Cord: Information Processing

3.3K
The spinal cord is an integral hub for motor and sensory information that enables the brain to communicate with the peripheral nervous system (PNS). This communication consists of relaying sensory data and transmission of motor commands.
Sensory Information Processing
Sensory information processing begins at the sensory receptors located in the skin and other tissues, which detect somatic sensory stimuli such as touch, temperature, or pain. These receptors function as catalysts, initiating...
3.3K
Longitudinal Research02:20

Longitudinal Research

13.1K
Sometimes we want to see how people change over time, as in studies of human development and lifespan. When we test the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period of time, we are conducting longitudinal research. Longitudinal research is a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time. For example, we may survey a group of individuals about their dietary habits at age 20, retest them a decade later at age 30, and then again...
13.1K
Spinal Cord: Gross Anatomy01:15

Spinal Cord: Gross Anatomy

5.4K
The spinal cord resides within the protective confines of the vertebral column. It is the main pathway for information traveling between the brain and the body. It plays a fundamental role in nearly all bodily functions, from simple reflexes to complex motor movements. The spinal cord begins at the medulla oblongata at the base of the brainstem and extends downward, terminating at the conus medullaris near the first and second lumbar vertebrae. The spinal cord's length in adults is...
5.4K
Spinal Cord: Cross-sectional Anatomy01:16

Spinal Cord: Cross-sectional Anatomy

4.4K
The cross-sectional anatomy of the spinal cord offers a detailed view of its complex structure and function within the central nervous system. At the core of the spinal cord lies the gray matter, characterized by its butterfly or "H"-shaped appearance in cross-section. This central region is enveloped by white matter, with the overall structure divided into symmetrical halves by the dorsal median sulcus and the ventral median fissure.
Gray Matter and its Components
Central to the gray matter is...
4.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

The economic burden of dementia in Europe: COIN-Eu dementia.

Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD·2026
Same author

Neurosarcoidosis as an elusive mimicker of infection and neoplasia: a case report.

Journal of neurology·2026
Same author

Subcutaneous natalizumab administration in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: results of EASIER 2 study.

Journal of neurology·2026
Same author

Challenges and future directions for multiple sclerosis after the 2024 McDonald diagnostic criteria.

Nature medicine·2026
Same author

Profiling the long-term risk of severe adverse events in a cohort of multiple sclerosis patients treated with different treatment sequences: Results from the Italian Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders Registry (I-MS&RD) (ProSA study).

Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England)·2026
Same author

Anti-CD20 Therapies in Pediatric Acquired Demyelinating Syndromes: Evidence Across MS, AQP4-IgG-Positive NMOSD and MOGAD.

CNS drugs·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 21, 2026

Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis
09:41

Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis

Published on: July 19, 2019

12.0K

Longitudinal spinal cord atrophy in multiple sclerosis using the generalized boundary shift integral.

Marcello Moccia1,2, Ferran Prados1,3,4,5, Massimo Filippi6,7

  • 1Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom.

Annals of Neurology
|August 7, 2019
PubMed
Summary

The generalized boundary shift integral (GBSI) method reduces measurement variability in spinal cord atrophy assessments for multiple sclerosis (MS) patients compared to standard segmentation methods. This improved accuracy enhances the ability to differentiate MS subtypes and track disease progression.

More Related Videos

A Procedure for Implanting a Spinal Chamber for Longitudinal In Vivo Imaging of the Mouse Spinal Cord
11:20

A Procedure for Implanting a Spinal Chamber for Longitudinal In Vivo Imaging of the Mouse Spinal Cord

Published on: December 3, 2014

14.8K
The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test MSPT: An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool
11:35

The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test MSPT: An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool

Published on: June 30, 2014

58.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 21, 2026

Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis
09:41

Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis

Published on: July 19, 2019

12.0K
A Procedure for Implanting a Spinal Chamber for Longitudinal In Vivo Imaging of the Mouse Spinal Cord
11:20

A Procedure for Implanting a Spinal Chamber for Longitudinal In Vivo Imaging of the Mouse Spinal Cord

Published on: December 3, 2014

14.8K
The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test MSPT: An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool
11:35

The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test MSPT: An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool

Published on: June 30, 2014

58.7K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Neurology
  • Medical Physics

Background:

  • Spinal cord atrophy is a key indicator of multiple sclerosis (MS) progression.
  • Traditional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methods for assessing spinal cord atrophy, such as segmentation-based cross-sectional area (CSA) calculation, exhibit significant measurement variability, particularly in multicenter studies.
  • This variability can hinder accurate longitudinal assessments and the detection of treatment effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the performance of a registration-based method, the generalized boundary shift integral (GBSI), with a standard segmentation-based method (CSA) for assessing spinal cord atrophy in MS.
  • To evaluate the reliability and diagnostic accuracy of GBSI in distinguishing between different MS subtypes and healthy controls.
  • To determine the potential of GBSI in improving statistical power for detecting treatment effects in clinical trials.

Main Methods:

  • Longitudinal spinal cord MRI data (3D T1-weighted, 1mm isotropic) were acquired from 282 MS patients (clinically isolated syndrome, relapsing-remitting MS, progressive MS) and 82 healthy controls across 8 MAGNIMS sites.
  • Spinal Cord Toolbox was used for C2-5 segmentation and CSA calculation.
  • GBSI, a registration-based technique, was applied after cord straightening and registration to measure atrophy based on probabilistic boundary shifts. Annual percentage volume change was calculated for both CSA and GBSI.

Main Results:

  • GBSI demonstrated reduced measurement variability compared to CSA across all MS subtypes and in healthy controls.
  • GBSI showed superior performance in differentiating MS patients (CIS, RRMS, PMS) from healthy controls, indicated by higher areas under the curve (AUC).
  • GBSI analysis required a significantly smaller sample size to detect a 60% treatment effect on spinal cord atrophy over one year compared to CSA, indicating increased statistical power.

Conclusions:

  • The registration-based GBSI method offers improved accuracy and reduced variability in spinal cord atrophy assessment for MS compared to conventional segmentation methods.
  • GBSI enhances the ability to distinguish between MS patients and healthy individuals and holds promise for improving statistical power in clinical trials.
  • While GBSI shows significant advantages, further refinement may be needed for optimal performance in all clinical scenarios.