A joint model for multiple dynamic processes and clinical endpoints: Application to Alzheimer's disease

As other neurodegenerative diseases, Alzheimer's disease, the most frequent dementia in the elderly, is characterized by multiple progressive impairments in the brain structure and in clinical functions such as cognitive functioning and functional disability. Until recently, these components were mostly studied independently because no joint model for multivariate longitudinal data and time to event was available in the statistical community. Yet, these components are fundamentally interrelated in the degradation process toward dementia and should be analyzed together. We thus propose a joint model to simultaneously describe the dynamics of multiple correlated components. Each component, defined as a latent process, is measured by one or several continuous markers (not necessarily Gaussian). Rather than considering the associated time to diagnosis as in standard joint models, we assume diagnosis corresponds to the passing above a covariate-specific threshold (to be estimated) of a pathological process that is modeled as a combination of the component-specific latent processes. This definition captures the clinical complexity of diagnoses such as dementia diagnosis but also benefits from simplifications for the computation of maximum likelihood estimates. We show that the model and estimation procedure can also handle competing clinical endpoints. The estimation procedure, implemented in an R package, is validated by simulations and the method is illustrated on a large French population-based cohort of cerebral aging in which we focused on the dynamics of three clinical manifestations and the associated risk of dementia and death before dementia.