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Related Concept Videos

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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EPS and iPS Cells in Disease Research01:21

EPS and iPS Cells in Disease Research

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Embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells are excellent models for disease research because of their ability to self-renew and differentiate into most cell types. Somatic cells from a patient are isolated and reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs. These iPSCs are later differentiated into the desired cell type, which mirrors the diseased cell of the patient. In this way, disease models have been created for investigating diseases such as Down syndrome, type I diabetes,...
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore...
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iPS Cell Differentiation01:22

iPS Cell Differentiation

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The ability of induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs to differentiate into most body cell types has stimulated repair and regenerative medicine research over the past few decades. iPSC-derived blood cells, hepatocytes, beta islet cells, cardiomyocytes, neurons, and other cell types can repair injuries or regenerate damaged tissue in diseases such as diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Gene Conversion02:08

Gene Conversion

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Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...
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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 21, 2026

Cell Surface Marker Mediated Purification of iPS Cell Intermediates from a Reprogrammable Mouse Model
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Cell Surface Marker Mediated Purification of iPS Cell Intermediates from a Reprogrammable Mouse Model

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Visualization of sequential conversion of human intermediately reprogrammed stem cells into iPS cells.

Rika Teshigawara1, Kunio Hirano1, Shogo Nagata1

  • 1Laboratory of Developmental Epigenome, Department of Regeneration Science and Engineering, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.

Genes to Cells : Devoted to Molecular & Cellular Mechanisms
|August 7, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a new system to track gene expression during induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) reprogramming. This system visualizes key gene activation, revealing OCT4

Keywords:
CRISPR/Cas9FOXO1LIN28OCT4human iPS cellshuman iRS cellsreprogramming

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Derivation and Characterization of a Transgene-free Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Line and Conversion into Defined Clinical-grade Conditions
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Derivation and Characterization of a Transgene-free Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Line and Conversion into Defined Clinical-grade Conditions

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Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells by Reprogramming Human Fibroblasts with the Stemgent Human TF Lentivirus Set
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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 21, 2026

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Derivation and Characterization of a Transgene-free Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Line and Conversion into Defined Clinical-grade Conditions
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Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells by Reprogramming Human Fibroblasts with the Stemgent Human TF Lentivirus Set
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Area of Science:

  • Stem cell biology
  • Molecular biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Understanding somatic cell reprogramming into human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) requires single-cell gene expression analysis.
  • Intermediately reprogrammed stem cells (iRSCs) were established as pre-iPSC lines to facilitate this analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish a reproducible system for monitoring reprogramming events and analyzing progressive gene expression profiles.
  • To visualize stage-specific gene activation during the conversion of iRSCs into iPSCs.

Main Methods:

  • Single-cell microarray analysis was employed to track gene expression.
  • Genome editing was used to visualize gene expression using fluorescent markers (mCherry).
  • OCT4, TDGF1, E-CADHERIN, LIN28, and FOXO1 were utilized as marker genes.

Main Results:

  • Stage-specific sequential gene activation was observed during iRSC to iPSC conversion.
  • OCT4 activation and mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET) correlated with the upregulation of LIN28 and FOXO1.
  • OCT4 is required for the activation, but not maintenance, of LIN28 and FOXO1 expression.

Conclusions:

  • The developed iRSC-iPSC conversion system allows for reproducible monitoring of reprogramming.
  • Gene expression visualization through genome editing provides insights into the dynamics of pluripotency acquisition.
  • OCT4 plays a critical role in initiating key gene expression during cellular reprogramming.