Biopolymer-based biomaterials for accelerated diabetic wound healing: A critical review

Non-healing, chronic wounds place a huge burden on healthcare systems as well as individual patients. These chronic wounds especially diabetic wounds will ultimately lead to compromised mobility, amputation of limbs and even death. Currently, wounds and limb ulcers associated with diabetes remain significant health issues; the associated healthcare cost ultimately leads to the increased clinical burden. The presence of diabetes interrupts a highly coordinated cascade of events in the wound closure process. Advances in the understanding of pathophysiological conditions associated with diabetic wounds lead to the development of drug delivery systems which can enhance wound healing by targeting various phases of the impaired processes. Wound environments typically contain degradative enzymes, along with an elevated pH and demonstrate a physiological cascade involved in the regeneration of tissue, which requires the application of an effective delivery system. This article aims to review the pathophysiological conditions associated with chronic and diabetic wounds. The delivery systems, involved in their treatment are described, highlighting potential biomaterials and polymers for establishing drug delivery systems, specifically for the treatment of diabetic wounds and the promotion of the associated mechanisms involved in advanced wound healing. Emerging approaches and engineered devices for effective wound care are reported. The discussion will give insight into the mechanisms relevant to all stages of wound healing.