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Scalable Syntheses of Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide using Cascade Design Oxidation and Highly Basic Reduction Reactions
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A label-free quantification method for measuring graphene oxide in biological samples.

Yan Xin1, Bin Wan1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China.

Analytica Chimica Acta
|August 8, 2019
PubMed
Summary

A new sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) method quantifies cell-associated carbonaceous nanomaterials (CNMs). This economical assay accurately measures graphene oxide (GO) uptake in various cell types, aiding nanomaterial toxicity studies.

Keywords:
Cell uptakeExposure quantificationGel electrophoresisGraphene oxide

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Area of Science:

  • Nanotoxicology
  • Materials Science
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Accurate quantification of cell-associated carbonaceous nanomaterials (CNMs) is crucial for understanding their toxicity.
  • Existing methods for CNM quantification are limited, hindering toxicological research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an economical and convenient method for quantifying cell-associated CNMs, specifically graphene oxide (GO).
  • To validate the developed method using different cell models and compare results with established techniques.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a novel quantification method using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE).
  • Accumulation and quantification of graphene oxide (GO) at the SDS-PAGE gel interface.
  • Validation using mouse macrophage cells (Raw264.7), human epithelial cells (A549), and mouse mesenchymal stem cells (MSC).
  • Comparison with fluorescence imaging and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).

Main Results:

  • The SDS-PAGE method accurately quantifies GO with a detection limit of 84.1 ng.
  • Cellular uptake rates of GO decreased in the order: MSC > Raw264.7 > A549.
  • Results were consistent with fluorescence imaging and TEM, confirming method validity.

Conclusions:

  • The developed SDS-PAGE method offers a reliable, cost-effective tool for quantifying cell-associated CNMs.
  • This assay complements existing methods like radioactive labeling and fluorescent tagging.
  • Facilitates further toxicological studies on carbon nanomaterials and their interactions with different cell types.