Experimental study of zeolitic diffusion by use of a concentration-dependent surface diffusion model

Surface diffusivity in adsorption and ion exchange processes is probably the most important property studied expensively in the literature but some aspects, especially its dependence on solid phase concentration, is still an open subject to discussion. In this study a new concentration-dependent surface diffusion model, equipped with a flexible double selectivity equilibrium relationship is applied on the removal of Pb²⁺, Cr³⁺, Fe³⁺ and Cu²⁺ from aqueous solutions using a natural zeolite. The model incorporates the Chen-Yang surface diffusivity correlation able to deal with positive and negative dependence with surface coverage. The double selectivity equilibrium relationship successfully represents the experimental equilibrium data, which follow Langmurian isotherm type for Pb²⁺, sigmoidal for Cr³⁺ and Fe³⁺ and linear for Cu²⁺. The concentration-dependent surface diffusion model was compared with the constant diffusivity surface diffusion model and found to be moderately more accurate but considerably more useful as it provides more insights into the diffusion mechanism. The application of the model resulted in an average deviation of 8.56 ± 6.74% from the experimental data and an average solid phase diffusion coefficients between 10^-9 and 10^-10 cm²/s. The results showed that the diffusion of metal ions in the zeolite structure is unhindered following the surface diffusion mass transfer mechanism.