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Selenium intake, status, and health: a complex relationship.

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Selenium (Se) deficiency and excess can harm health, often showing a U-shaped effect. Individual tolerance varies due to genetics, environmental interactions, and Se form, influencing health outcomes.

Keywords:
Adverse health effectsDeficiencyDoseExcessMicrobiotaPolymorphismsSeleniumSpeciationToxic elements

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health
  • Nutritional Science
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Selenium (Se) deficiency and excess occur globally, impacting human health.
  • Both low and high Se status are linked to adverse health effects, often exhibiting a U-shaped dose-response curve.
  • Increased mortality is associated with both insufficient and excessive Se levels.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the reasons behind varying individual and population tolerance to low or high selenium intake.
  • To investigate the factors influencing the complex relationship between selenium status and health outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on selenium metabolism, toxicity, and health effects.
  • Analysis of factors contributing to differential Se tolerance, including genetic polymorphisms, environmental interactions, and Se speciation.
  • Consideration of the role of gut microbiota in modulating Se toxicity.

Main Results:

  • Individual tolerance to Se varies due to genetic factors (e.g., SNPs) influencing Se metabolism.
  • Interactions with other elements and the specific form (speciation) of selenium significantly affect its toxicity and bioavailability.
  • Early-life exposure to high Se may alter gut microbiota, potentially enhancing Se excretion and reducing toxicity.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the multifaceted nature of selenium's health effects is crucial for managing Se intake.
  • Factors such as genetics, environmental co-exposures, Se form, and gut microbiome play key roles in determining Se's impact on health.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate these complex interactions and inform public health recommendations.