Seizures in Down Syndrome: An Update.

Area of Science:

• Neurology
• Genetics
• Developmental Pediatrics

Background:

• Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) exhibit a higher prevalence of seizures compared to the general population, with rates ranging from 1-13%.
• Seizure onset in DS can occur in infancy (40%) or later in life (40%), with males generally experiencing an earlier onset.
• The prevalence of epilepsy in DS increases with age, affecting various age groups differently.

Purpose of the Study:

• To describe the features of seizures in children with Down syndrome.
• To review the literature on epilepsy in DS, focusing on prevalence, seizure types, and potential underlying mechanisms.
• To outline diagnostic and treatment considerations for epilepsy in the DS population.

Main Methods:

• A comprehensive literature review was conducted, searching databases like PubMed for articles published between 1960 and 2017.
• Included studies focused on epilepsy in children with Down syndrome, identified through electronic searches and internet resources.
• Articles were selected based on their relevance to describing seizure features in this population.

Main Results:

• Partial seizures (47%), infantile spasms (32%), and generalized tonic-clonic seizures (21%) are common types in DS.
• Trisomy 21 is frequently associated with epilepsy in DS, though mosaicism and translocations are also noted.
• Potential mechanisms include structural brain abnormalities and increased carbonic anhydrase II concentrations, though not fully elucidated.

Conclusions:

• Epilepsy diagnosis, classification, and treatment in DS align with general population guidelines.
• While standard pharmacological treatments are used, individuals with DS may experience increased side effects, particularly with phenytoin.
• Further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms contributing to increased seizure susceptibility in Down syndrome.