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Related Concept Videos

Free Energy01:21

Free Energy

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Free energy—abbreviated as G for the scientist Gibbs who discovered it—is a measurement of useful energy that can be extracted from a reaction to do work. It is the energy in a chemical reaction that is available after entropy is accounted for. Reactions that take in energy are considered endergonic and reactions that release energy are exergonic. Plants carry out endergonic reactions by taking in sunlight and carbon dioxide to produce glucose and oxygen. Animals, in turn, break...
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Activation energy is the minimum amount of energy necessary for a chemical reaction to move forward. The higher the activation energy, the slower the rate of the reaction. However, adding heat to the reaction will increase the rate, since it causes molecules to move faster and increase the likelihood that molecules will collide. The collision and breaking of bonds represents the uphill phase of a reaction and generates the transition state. The transition state is an unstable high-energy state...
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The universe is composed of matter in different forms, and all forms of matter contain energy.  The different forms of energy on Earth originate from the Sun — the ultimate energy source. Plants capture light energy from the Sun, and, via the process of photosynthesis, convert it into chemical energy. This stored energy from plants can be harnessed in many ways. For example, eating plant products as food provides energy for our body to function, and burning wood or coal (fossilized...
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Chemical reactions, such as those that occur when you light a match, involve changes in energy as well as matter.
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Internal Energy02:00

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The total of all possible kinds of energy present in a substance is called the internal energy (U), sometimes symbolized as E. Suppose a system with initial internal energy, Uinitial, undergoes a change in energy (transfer of work or heat), and the final internal energy of the system is Ufinal. Change in internal energy equals the difference between Ufinal and Uinitial.
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Free Energy Changes for Nonstandard States03:25

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The free energy change for a process taking place with reactants and products present under nonstandard conditions (pressures other than 1 bar; concentrations other than 1 M) is related to the standard free energy change according to this equation:
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Calorespirometry: A Powerful, Noninvasive Approach to Investigate Cellular Energy Metabolism
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Assessing cellular energy dysfunction in CFS/ME using a commercially available laboratory test.

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The mitochondrial energy score (MES) test for chronic fatigue syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) is not reliable. Delayed sample processing significantly alters results, indicating it

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Immunology
  • Cellular Biology

Background:

  • The mitochondrial energy score (MES) is a diagnostic test for chronic fatigue syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME).
  • This test is currently offered by private clinics.
  • Its potential for NHS accreditation requires assessment of reliability and reproducibility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the reliability and reproducibility of the MES protocol.
  • To investigate the impact of sample processing time on MES results.
  • To determine if MES is suitable for NHS accreditation as a diagnostic test for CFS/ME.

Main Methods:

  • Replication of the MES protocol using neutrophils and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs).
  • Comparison of MES components between CFS/ME patients and healthy controls.
  • Investigation of delayed sample processing (24 hours) on MES parameters in both cell types.

Main Results:

  • No significant differences were found in MES components between CFS/ME patients and healthy controls (p ≥ 0.059).
  • Delayed sample processing (24 hours) significantly altered multiple MES parameters in both neutrophils and PBMCs.
  • The MES test lacks the required reliability and reproducibility for diagnostic use.

Conclusions:

  • The MES test is not currently a reliable diagnostic tool for CFS/ME.
  • Observed differences in MES results may be attributable to variations in sample processing times.
  • The MES protocol should not be offered as a diagnostic test for CFS/ME at this time.