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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
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Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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The intricate hormonal interplay essential for male reproductive health begins with the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) by the hypothalamus. This hormone prompts the pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). LH targets the Leydig cells in the testes, stimulating them to produce and release testosterone. In concert with testosterone, FSH acts on the Sertoli cells within the seminiferous tubules to facilitate the release of...
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Gene expression in prokaryotes is governed by constitutive and regulated systems, allowing cells to balance the production of essential proteins with adaptive responses to environmental changes.Constitutive Gene ExpressionConstitutive, or housekeeping, genes are continuously expressed as they encode proteins vital for fundamental cellular processes. These include enzymes for glycolysis, ribosomal components for protein synthesis, and proteins involved in DNA replication. Their constant...
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Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
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siRNA Screening to Identify Ubiquitin and Ubiquitin-like System Regulators of Biological Pathways in Cultured Mammalian Cells
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PKM2, function and expression and regulation.

Ze Zhang1, Xinyue Deng2, Yuanda Liu3

  • 11Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 China.

Cell & Bioscience
|August 9, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), crucial for glycolysis, plays a key role in cancer. Its different forms regulate gene expression, cell metabolism, and tumor progression, offering new insights into the Warburg effect.

Keywords:
Cancer metabolismGlycolysisPyruvate kinaseWarburg effect

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Pyruvate kinase (PK) is a critical enzyme in glycolysis, with PKM2 being a key subtype.
  • PKM2 is primarily expressed during embryonic development and is linked to tissue repair.
  • Increasing research highlights PKM2's significant role in tumor biology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of PKM2 in glucose metabolism and its connection to the Warburg effect.
  • To elucidate how PKM2's structural transformations influence cancer cell functions.
  • To detail PKM2's post-translational modifications and their impact on biological activities.

Main Methods:

  • Reviewing literature on PKM2's function in glycolysis and cancer.
  • Analyzing PKM2's structural dynamics (tetrameric vs. dimeric forms).
  • Investigating PKM2's nuclear translocation and gene regulation capabilities.
  • Examining PKM2's interactions via phosphorylation and acetylation.

Main Results:

  • PKM2 exists in tetrameric and dimeric forms, with the dimeric form translocating to the nucleus.
  • PKM2's structural state influences cancer cell energy metabolism, EMT, invasion, metastasis, and proliferation.
  • PKM2's post-translational modifications regulate its localization and function.

Conclusions:

  • PKM2's dynamic nature and regulatory mechanisms are central to cancer progression.
  • Understanding PKM2's role in the Warburg effect provides novel therapeutic targets.
  • PKM2's multifaceted functions underscore its importance in oncology research.