Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 21, 2026

An Immunohistopathologic Study to Profile the Folate Receptor Beta Macrophage and Vascular Immune Microenvironment in Giant Cell Arteritis

Published on: February 8, 2019

Association of Giant Cell Arteritis With Race

Anna M Gruener^1,2,3, Ali Poostchi^3,4, Andrew R Carey¹

¹Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins Wilmer Eye Institute, Baltimore, Maryland.

JAMA Ophthalmology

|August 9, 2019

Abstract

Importance:

Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is the most common vasculitis in adults and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Its incidence has been carefully studied in white populations, yet its relevance among other racial and ethnic groups is less well known.

Objective:

To examine the incidence of biopsy-proven GCA (BP-GCA) in a tertiary care center-based population with a sizeable proportion of black patients.

Design, Setting, And Participants:

This retrospective cohort study identified all patients who underwent temporal artery biopsy (TAB) from July 1, 2007, through September 30, 2017, using the electronic medical record system at the Johns Hopkins Wilmer Eye Institute. Associations between self-reported race, sex, and age were explored and compared with all other patients attending the hospital over the same period. Data were analyzed from November 1, 2017, through July 31, 2018.

Main Outcomes And Measures:

Estimated incidence rates of BP-GCA in black and white patients.

Results:

Among 586 patients who underwent TAB (mean [SD] age, 70.5 [11.1] years; age range, 32-103 years; 423 [72.2%] women), 167 (28.5%) were black, 382 (65.2%) were white, and 37 (6.3%) were other or unknown. Of 573 individuals 50 years and older, 92 (16.1%) had BP-GCA; 14 were black (8.4% of all black patients undergoing testing) and 75 were white (19.6% of all white patients undergoing testing). Crude annual incidence rates for BP-GCA were 2.9 (95% CI, 1.3-5.5) per 100 000 for black and 4.2 (95% CI, 3.0-5.6) per 100 000 for white patients within the study population. Population-adjusted age- and sex-standardized incidence rates were 3.1 (95% CI, 1.0-5.2) and 3.6 (95% CI, 2.5-4.7) per 100 000 for black and white patients, respectively (difference, 0.5; 95% CI, -1.7 to 2.7; P = .70). The incidence rate ratio was 1.9 in women compared with men (95% CI, 1.1-3.4; P = .03) but was not significant in white compared with black patients (1.2; 95% CI, 0.6-2.4; P = .66).

Conclusions And Relevance:

In our cohort, BP-GCA occurred more commonly in women, but rates were similar between races. These findings do not appear to support the conclusion that GCA occurs more frequently in white compared with black patients.

More Related Videos

Bacterial Cell Culture at the Single-cell Level Inside Giant Vesicles

Bacterial Cell Culture at the Single-cell Level Inside Giant Vesicles

Published on: April 30, 2019

Synthesis of Compound Giant Unilamellar Vesicles: A Biomimetic Model of Nucleate Cells

Synthesis of Compound Giant Unilamellar Vesicles: A Biomimetic Model of Nucleate Cells

Published on: July 3, 2025

Related Concept Videos

RACE - Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends

RACE - Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends

Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends, or RACE, is one of the most effective methods to obtain a full-length cDNA from an mRNA sequence between a known internal region to the unknown sequence at the 5’ or 3’ end. The unknown region is cloned in the cDNA by a gene-specific primer that binds the known end, and a hybrid primer that attaches a predefined anchor sequence to the unknown end of the cDNA. The sequence in between is amplified by PCR with an anchor primer and a gene-specific...

Association Areas of the Cortex

Association Areas of the Cortex

Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...

Associative Learning

Associative Learning

Associative learning is a fundamental concept in behavioral psychology, wherein a connection is established between two stimuli or events, leading to a learned response. This process is critical in understanding how behaviors are acquired and modified. Conditioning, the mechanism through which associations are formed, can be divided into two main types: classical conditioning and operant conditioning, each elucidating different aspects of associative learning.
Classical conditioning, also known...

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex

The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at...

Genome-wide Association Studies-GWAS

Genome-wide Association Studies-GWAS

Genome-wide association studies or GWAS are used to identify whether common SNPs are associated with certain diseases. Suppose specific SNPs are more frequently observed in individuals with a particular disease than those without the disease. In that case, those SNPs are said to be associated with the disease. Chi-square analysis is performed to check the probability of the allele likely to be associated with the disease.
GWAS does not require the identification of the target gene involved in...

Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

Humans are very diverse and although we share many similarities, we also have many differences. The social groups we belong to help form our identities (Tajfel, 1974). These differences may be difficult for some people to reconcile, which may lead to prejudice toward people who are different. Prejudice is a negative attitude and feeling toward an individual based solely on one’s membership in a particular social group (Allport, 1954; Brown, 2010). Prejudice is common against people who...

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Leveraging Social Media for Neuro-Ophthalmology Education and Outreach.

Journal of neuro-ophthalmology : the official journal of the North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society·2026

OCT-defined optic atrophy thresholds are associated with blunted optic nerve swelling in recurrent optic neuritis.

Multiple sclerosis and related disorders·2026

Cost Analysis of an Outpatient MRI Pathway for Optic Disc Edema: A Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing Approach.

American journal of ophthalmology·2026

Evaluation for Potential Inequities in Efficacy and Patient Outcomes Following Implementation of a STAT Outpatient Neuroimaging Pathway for Evaluation of Patients with Optic Disc Swelling.

Neuro-ophthalmology (Aeolus Press)·2026

The Association Between Anemia and Pseudotumor Cerebri.

Journal of neuro-ophthalmology : the official journal of the North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society·2026

Clinical features of high intracranial pressure and prevalence of idiopathic intracranial hypertension among patients presenting with spontaneous CSF leaks.

Neurosurgical focus·2026

See all related articles