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Related Concept Videos

Interaction of EM Radiation with Matter: Spectroscopy01:12

Interaction of EM Radiation with Matter: Spectroscopy

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Electromagnetic (EM) radiation can be considered an oscillating electric and magnetic field propagating through a medium that can interact with matter in its path. The electric field in the radiation can interact with electrical charges in the atoms or molecules in the matter. On the other hand, the magnetic field can interact with the magnetic field in the atomic nucleus. The study of the interaction between electromagnetic radiation and matter is termed spectroscopy. Spectroscopy is the study...
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Dual Nature of Electromagnetic (EM) Radiation01:10

Dual Nature of Electromagnetic (EM) Radiation

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Electromagnetic (EM) radiation consists of electric and magnetic field components oscillating in planes perpendicular to each other and mutually perpendicular to radiation propagation through space. EM radiation can be classified as a wave, characterized by the properties of waves such as wavelength (denoted as λ) and frequency (represented by ν).
Wavelength is the distance between two consecutive peaks (the highest point) or troughs (the lowest point) in the wave. Frequency is the number of...
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Structure of Benzene: Kekulé Model01:07

Structure of Benzene: Kekulé Model

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In 1865, August Kekule suggested the structure of benzene according to the structural theory of organic chemistry based on the three assertions—formula of benzene is C6H6, all the hydrogens of benzene are equivalent, and each carbon must have four bonds due to its tetravalency.
He proposed that benzene has a cyclic structure of six carbon atoms attached to one hydrogen atom each, with three alternating pi bonds.
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Cryo-electron Microscopy01:28

Cryo-electron Microscopy

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Conventional electron microscopy (EM) involves dehydration, fixation, and staining of biological samples, which distorts the native state of biological molecules and results in several artifacts. Also, the high-energy electron beam damages the sample and makes it difficult to obtain high-resolution images. These issues can be addressed using cryo-EM, which uses frozen samples and gentler electron beams. The technique was developed by Jacques Dubochet, Joachim Frank, and Richard Henderson, for...
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Structure of Benzene: Molecular Orbital Model01:18

Structure of Benzene: Molecular Orbital Model

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According to the molecular orbital (MO) model, benzene has a planar structure with a regular hexagon of six sp2 hybridized carbons. As shown in Figure 1, each carbon is bonded to three other atoms with C–C–C and H–C–C bond angles of 120°. The C–H bond length is 109 pm, and the C–C bond length is 139 pm which is midway between the single bond length of sp3 hybridized carbons (154 pm) and sp2 hybridized carbons (133 pm).
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Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 21, 2026

Preparation of High-Temperature Sample Grids for Cryo-EM
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Modelling structures in cryo-EM maps.

Sony Malhotra1, Sylvain Träger2, Matteo Dal Peraro2

  • 1Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck College, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, United Kingdom.

Current Opinion in Structural Biology
|August 9, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Recent advances in cryo-electron microscopy and tomography allow detailed sub-cellular structure determination. This review surveys methods for atomic model building and validation in 3D maps based on resolution and prior information.

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Area of Science:

  • Structural Biology
  • Biophysics
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and tomography provide high-resolution 3D structural data of sub-cellular components.
  • Understanding sub-cellular architecture is crucial for elucidating molecular functions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To survey methods for atomic model building, fitting, refinement, and validation in cryo-EM derived 3D maps.
  • To highlight the application of these methods in recent structural biology studies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of computational approaches for analyzing cryo-EM data.
  • Discussion of strategies dependent on map resolution and available prior structural information.

Main Results:

  • Categorization of different atomic model building and refinement techniques.
  • Illustrative examples showcasing the successful application of these methods.

Conclusions:

  • The choice of method for analyzing cryo-EM data is contingent on map quality and prior knowledge.
  • Advances in cryo-EM enable detailed structural insights into cellular machinery.