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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion01:26

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion

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In pediatric medicine, understanding the renal function and drug elimination nuances is crucial for administering safe and effective treatments. Newborns, in particular, display markedly slower renal functions than adults, profoundly affecting how drugs are cleared from their bodies. This slower drug clearance requires clinicians to extend the dosing intervals for many medications to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.One key area where these adjustments...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution01:17

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution

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Drug distribution in the pediatric population exhibits unique challenges and considerations due to the physiological differences between children, particularly neonates and infants, and adults. A crucial aspect of pediatric pharmacology is understanding how these differences impact the pharmacokinetics of various drugs, necessitating age-specific dosing strategies to ensure efficacy and safety.Neonates and infants have a higher total body water content, ~75%–90% of their body weight,...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism01:24

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

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In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption01:23

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption

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Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...
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Polyprotic Acids03:38

Polyprotic Acids

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Acids are classified by the number of protons per molecule that they can give up in a reaction. Acids such as HCl, HNO3, and HCN that contain one ionizable hydrogen atom in each molecule are called monoprotic acids. Their reactions with water are:
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Amino acids03:42

Amino acids

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Amino acids are the monomers that comprise proteins. Each amino acid has the same fundamental structure, which consists of a central carbon atom, or the alpha (α) carbon, bonded to an amino group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH), and to a hydrogen atom. Every amino acid also has another atom or group of atoms bonded to the central atom known as the R group. There are 20 common amino acids present in proteins, each with a different R group. Variation in the amino acid sequence is responsible for...
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Severe Gingivitis Associated with Ascorbic Acid-Deficiency in a Pediatric Patient.

Allison J Brand1, Michael B Lieberman2, Evlambia Hajishengallis3

  • 1Dr. Brand is a resident, Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Preventive and Restorative Sciences, The University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa., USA.

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Summary

Severe gingivitis in children can signal underlying vitamin C deficiency. Prompt diagnosis and vitamin C supplementation resolve scurvy and improve oral health.

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Dentistry
  • Nutritional Science
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Gingivitis is common in children, typically managed with oral hygiene.
  • Persistent or severe gingivitis warrants further investigation into underlying causes.
  • Nutritional deficiencies can significantly impact periodontal health.

Observation:

  • A case report details a pediatric patient presenting with severe, persistent gingivitis.
  • The patient exhibited symptoms consistent with scurvy, a condition linked to vitamin C deficiency.
  • Dietary aversion to vitamin C-rich foods was a contributing factor.

Findings:

  • The patient was diagnosed with severe gingivitis due to vitamin C deficiency (scurvy).
  • Administration of vitamin C led to the resolution of both systemic and oral symptoms.
  • This highlights the critical role of vitamin C in maintaining periodontal integrity.

Implications:

  • Vitamin C deficiency should be considered in pediatric cases of refractory gingivitis.
  • This is particularly relevant for children with special healthcare needs and restricted diets.
  • Early identification and intervention can prevent severe health consequences.