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Related Concept Videos

Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

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The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone...
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Histone Variants at the Centromere02:30

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Histone variants are the histone proteins with structural and sequence variations. These variants may be regarded as “mutant” forms that replace their canonical histone counterparts in the nucleosomes. Specific post-translational modifications on the histone variants enable further chromatin complexity and regulate tissue-specific gene expression. The most common histone variants are from histone H2A, H2B, and linker histone H1 families. However, several variants of histone H3...
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In response to DNA damage, cells can pause the cell cycle to assess and repair the breaks. However, the cell must check the DNA at certain critical stages during the cell cycle. If the cell cycle pauses before DNA replication, the cells will contain twice the amount of DNA. On the other hand, if cells arrest after DNA replication but before mitosis, they will contain four times the normal amount of DNA. With a host of specialized proteins at their disposal,cells must use the right protein at...
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In response to DNA damage, cells can pause the cell cycle to assess and repair the breaks. However, the cell must check the DNA at certain critical stages during the cell cycle. If the cell cycle pauses before DNA replication, the cells will contain twice the amount of DNA. On the other hand, if cells arrest after DNA replication but before mitosis, they will contain four times the normal amount of DNA. With a host of specialized proteins at their disposal,cells must use the right protein at...
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Methylated DNA Immunoprecipitation
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Histone methylation and the DNA damage response.

Fade Gong1, Kyle M Miller1

  • 1Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, 2506 Speedway, Austin, TX 78712, United States.

Mutation Research. Reviews in Mutation Research
|August 10, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Histone methylation is crucial for the DNA damage response (DDR), involving enzymes and reader proteins that manage DNA repair. Dysregulation of these epigenetic marks is implicated in cancer development and treatment.

Keywords:
ChromatinDNA damageDNA repairGenome stabilityHistone methylation

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Cellular homeostasis relies on genome stability, with DNA damage response (DDR) pathways crucial for repairing lesions.
  • Histone proteins, organized into chromatin, are modified by post-translational modifications (PTMs) that regulate DDR.
  • Histone methylation, a key PTM, is dynamically regulated by histone methyltransferases (HMTs) and histone demethylases (HDMs).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of histone methylation in the DNA damage response (DDR).
  • To focus on histone methylation dynamics during the repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs).
  • To discuss the implications of histone methylation in cancer etiology and therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on histone methylation and DDR.
  • Analysis of histone methylation changes in response to DNA damage.
  • Examination of the roles of HMTs, HDMs, and reader proteins in DDR.

Main Results:

  • Histone methylation patterns are altered upon DNA damage, influencing chromatin structure and protein interactions.
  • Specific histone methylation marks are recognized by reader proteins, mediating DDR signaling and repair.
  • Enzymes regulating histone methylation are critical for orchestrating the DDR, particularly for DSB repair.

Conclusions:

  • Histone methylation is a key epigenetic regulator of the DDR, essential for maintaining genome stability.
  • Understanding histone methylation in DDR provides insights into cancer development.
  • Targeting epigenetic pathways, including histone methylation, holds therapeutic potential for cancer treatment.