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Related Concept Videos

The Replisome03:01

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DNA replication is carried out by a large complex of proteins that act in a coordinated matter to achieve high-fidelity DNA replication. Together this complex is known as the DNA replication machinery or the replisome.
The synthesis of the leading and lagging strands is a highly coordinated process. To explain this, the “Trombone model” was proposed by Bruce Alberts in 1980. The DNA loop formation starts when a primer is synthesized on the parent lagging strand. The loop grows with...
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For transition metal complexes, the coordination number determines the geometry around the central metal ion. Table 1 compares coordination numbers to molecular geometry. The most common structures of the complexes in coordination compounds are octahedral, tetrahedral, and square planar.
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In most main group element compounds, the valence electrons of the isolated atoms combine to form chemical bonds that satisfy the octet rule. For instance, the four valence electrons of carbon overlap with electrons from four hydrogen atoms to form CH4. The one valence electron leaves sodium and adds to the seven valence electrons of chlorine to form the ionic formula unit NaCl (Figure 1a). Transition metals do not normally bond in this fashion. They primarily form coordinate covalent bonds, a...
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The structure of a crystalline solid, whether a metal or not, is best described by considering its simplest repeating unit, which is referred to as its unit cell. The unit cell consists of lattice points that represent the locations of atoms or ions. The entire structure then consists of this unit cell repeating in three dimensions. The three different types of unit cells present in the cubic lattice are illustrated in Figure 1.
Types of Unit Cells
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Equations of Motion: Rectangular Coordinates and Cylindrical Coordinates01:21

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Understanding the motion of particles is a fundamental aspect of classical mechanics, and the choice of the coordinate system plays a pivotal role in unraveling the complexities of their dynamics.
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Visualization of Replisome Encounters with an Antigen Tagged Blocking Lesion
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A quest for coordination among activities at the replisome.

Nitin Kapadia1, Rodrigo Reyes-Lamothe2

  • 1Department of Biology, McGill University, 3649 Sir William Osler, Montreal, Canada, H3G 0B1.

Biochemical Society Transactions
|August 10, 2019
PubMed
Summary

DNA replication ensures genetic material transmission. This review explores the dynamic nature of bacterial and eukaryotic replisomes, the molecular machines responsible for DNA replication, using single-molecule techniques and live-cell microscopy.

Keywords:
DNA replicationbacteriabudding yeastsingle-molecule microscopy

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • DNA replication is fundamental for genetic inheritance across generations.
  • The replisome, a multi-component machine, executes DNA replication, including unwinding DNA and synthesizing new DNA chains.
  • While prokaryotic replisomes are well-characterized, eukaryotic replisome mechanisms are less understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent insights into the dynamic nature of bacterial replisomes using single-molecule techniques.
  • To describe eukaryotic replisome aspects within the framework of dynamic protein ensembles.
  • To provide an overview of replisome dynamics in model organisms like *Escherichia coli* and *Saccharomyces cerevisiae*.

Main Methods:

  • Single-molecule techniques for analyzing bacterial replisome dynamics.
  • In vitro reconstitution of eukaryotic replisomes.
  • Live-cell fluorescence microscopy for characterizing replisome dynamics.

Main Results:

  • Emerging view of replisomes as dynamic protein ensembles.
  • Recent breakthroughs in eukaryotic replisome reconstitution offer insights into function and mechanism.
  • Significant literature available for *Escherichia coli* and *Saccharomyces cerevisiae*.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding replisome dynamics is crucial for comprehending DNA replication fidelity.
  • Dynamic protein ensembles characterize replisomes in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
  • Live-cell microscopy is a key method for studying replisome dynamics in vivo.