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Sex Difference in Triathlon Performance.

Romuald Lepers1

  • 1CAPS UMR1093, UFR STAPS, Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Sex differences in triathlon performance are narrowing, especially in Ironman events. Physiological and morphological factors contribute, but more research is needed on other influences.

Keywords:
Ironmancyclinggender differencehuman physiologyrunningswimming

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Science
  • Exercise Physiology
  • Endurance Sports

Background:

  • Female participation in triathlons has grown significantly over the past 30 years, now comprising 25-40% of competitors.
  • Understanding sex-based performance differences is crucial for analyzing triathlon dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review how biological sex influences performance times in Olympic and Ironman distance triathlons.
  • To examine physiological factors contributing to sex-based performance disparities.
  • To analyze trends in sex differences in triathlon performance over time.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on sex differences in triathlon performance.
  • Analysis of performance data for elite and non-elite male and female triathletes.
  • Discussion of physiological and morphological factors impacting performance.

Main Results:

  • The performance gap between males and females in both Olympic and Ironman triathlons has decreased over the years.
  • Sex differences vary by exercise discipline and duration; for non-elite Ironman athletes, the gap is smallest in swimming (≈12%) and largest in running (≈18%).
  • Elite female Ironman triathletes have narrowed the marathon performance gap to under 10% compared to males.

Conclusions:

  • Physiological (e.g., VO2max) and morphological (e.g., body fat percentage) factors likely explain sex differences in triathlon performance.
  • Hormonal, psychological, and societal factors may also play a role.
  • Further research is needed on sex differences in lactate threshold, exercise economy, and peak fat oxidation.