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Related Concept Videos

Non-nuclear Inheritance01:29

Non-nuclear Inheritance

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Most DNA resides in the nucleus of a cell. However, some organelles in the cell cytoplasm⁠—such as chloroplasts and mitochondria⁠—also have their own DNA. These organelles replicate their DNA independently of the nuclear DNA of the cell in which they reside. Non-nuclear inheritance describes the inheritance of genes from structures other than the nucleus.
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Nuclear Stability03:18

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Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
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Nuclear Fusion02:45

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The process of converting very light nuclei into heavier nuclei is also accompanied by the conversion of mass into large amounts of energy, a process called fusion. The principal source of energy in the sun is a net fusion reaction in which four hydrogen nuclei fuse and ultimately produce one helium nucleus and two positrons.
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Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
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Nuclear Transmutation03:20

Nuclear Transmutation

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Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed...
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Radioactivity and Nuclear Equations03:18

Radioactivity and Nuclear Equations

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Nuclear chemistry is the study of reactions that involve changes in nuclear structure. The nucleus of an atom is composed of protons and, except for hydrogen, neutrons. The number of protons in the nucleus is called the atomic number (Z) of the element, and the sum of the number of protons and the number of neutrons is the mass number (A). Atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers are isotopes of the same element.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 21, 2026

Single-Molecule Imaging of Nuclear Transport
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Single-Molecule Imaging of Nuclear Transport

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Single Cell Imaging of Nuclear Architecture Changes.

Rikke Brandstrup Morrish1,2, Michael Hermes1, Jeremy Metz2

  • 1School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.

Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology
|August 10, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers used FTIR imaging and microfluidics to study chromatin architecture in immune cells. They discovered that changes in chromatin decondensation can lead to nuclear auxeticity, linking cell mechanics to nuclear structure.

Keywords:
B cellauxeticitychromatininfrared microscopymicrofluidicsnuclear architecture

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3D Multicolor DNA FISH Tool to Study Nuclear Architecture in Human Primary Cells
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3D Multicolor DNA FISH Tool to Study Nuclear Architecture in Human Primary Cells

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Chromatin's dynamic architecture, composed of DNA and histones, is crucial for eukaryotic cell function and development.
  • Understanding chromatin regulation is vital, yet not fully elucidated, necessitating new single-cell assessment methods.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate chromatin architecture changes and their impact on nuclear mechanical properties in immune cells.
  • To develop novel approaches for assessing chromatin alterations at the single-cell level.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) imaging for label-free chemical analysis with subcellular resolution.
  • Employed microfluidic cell-stretcher chips for manipulating live single cells.
  • Integrated FTIR imaging with cell segmentation analysis to identify spectral changes.

Main Results:

  • Identified key spectral changes in DNA levels and chromatin conformation at the single-cell level.
  • Demonstrated that chromatin decondensation, during transcriptional activation or immune cell maturation, can induce nuclear auxeticity.
  • Discovered nuclear auxeticity as a novel biological phenomenon.

Conclusions:

  • Established a link between extracellular mechanotransduction and intracellular nuclear architecture.
  • Highlighted the potential for a bidirectional relationship between mechanical forces and nuclear structure.
  • Showcased FTIR imaging and microfluidics as powerful tools for studying chromatin dynamics.