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Related Concept Videos

Electron Transport Chains01:28

Electron Transport Chains

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The final stage of cellular respiration is oxidative phosphorylation that consists of two steps: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. The electron transport chain is a set of proteins found in the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is to establish a proton gradient that can be used during chemiosmosis to produce ATP and generate electron carriers, such as NAD+ and FAD, that are used in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching01:17

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The skeletal structure of polymers synthesized via radical polymerization is always branched. For example, the polymerization of ethylene by radical polymerization results in a low-density grade of polyethylene with a heavily branched skeletal structure. Here, the radical site abstracts hydrogen from the growing chain, and the radical site shifts from the end (a primary carbon center) to anywhere within the growing chain (a secondary carbon center). Consequently, the part of the chain from the...
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The Chain Rule01:30

The Chain Rule

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A system of interconnected gears provides a concrete physical interpretation of the Chain Rule in calculus. Consider three gears arranged in sequence, where the rotational speeds of the first, second, and third gears are represented by the variables x, z, and y, respectively. The first gear drives the second, and the second drives the third, so the motion of each gear depends on the one preceding it. This structure naturally leads to a two-stage variable relationship that can be analyzed using...
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The Chain Rule: Problem Solving01:23

The Chain Rule: Problem Solving

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The thermal expansion of a metal rod shows the application of the Chain Rule when one physical quantity depends on another that varies with time. As the rod is heated, its length changes according to linear thermal expansion, while the temperature of the system varies quadratically with time.For linear thermal expansion, the length L of the rod depends on temperature T such that the rate of change of length with respect to temperature is constant:where L0 = 2 m is the initial length of...
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The Electron Transport Chain01:30

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The electron transport chain or oxidative phosphorylation is an exothermic process in which free energy released during electron transfer reactions is coupled to ATP synthesis. This process is a significant source of energy in aerobic cells, and therefore inhibitors of the electron transport chain can be detrimental to the cell's metabolic processes.
Inhibitors of the electron transport chain
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Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II01:46

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The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
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Microwave-assisted Functionalization of Polyethylene glycol and On-resin Peptides for Use in Chain Polymerizations and Hydrogel Formation
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Twining Poly(polyoxometalate) Chains into Nanoropes.

Lan-Lan Zhang1, Wen-Ke Miao1, Li-Jun Ren1

  • 1Center for Synthetic Soft Materials, Key Laboratory of, Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education and Institute of, Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P.R. China.

Chemistry (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|August 10, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hybrid polymers (polyclusters) aggregate into complex nanostructures when a non-solvent is added. This aggregation forms tangled nanothreads and nanoropes, revealing unique polymer chain behaviors due to inorganic cluster interactions.

Keywords:
aggregationnanostructurespolymerspolyoxometalatessupramolecular chemistry

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Organic polymers and inorganic clusters are distinct materials with different properties.
  • Hybrid polymers, or polyclusters, combine these materials, exhibiting unique behaviors due to nanoscale cluster interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the aggregation behavior of poly(polyoxometalate)s in dilute solution upon non-solvent addition.
  • To understand the structural formation and chain dynamics of these hybrid polymers at the nanoscale.

Main Methods:

  • Preparation of poly(polyoxometalate)s with a polynorbornene backbone and polyoxometalate pendants.
  • Dilute solution aggregation studies using a non-solvent.
  • Direct visualization of nanoscale clusters and nanostructure formation using advanced imaging techniques.

Main Results:

  • Observed the formation of a 3D network of tangled, snake-like nanothreads upon non-solvent addition.
  • Directly visualized individual nanoscale clusters and identified single polymer chains within the nanothreads.
  • Demonstrated that collapsed cluster pendants 'armor' the polymer backbone, leading to curved or extended chains that entwine into nanoropes.

Conclusions:

  • The aggregation process of poly(polyoxometalate)s results in complex, hierarchical nanostructures.
  • The 'armoring effect' of collapsed inorganic clusters significantly influences polymer chain conformation and self-assembly.
  • Findings offer insights into polycluster behavior, aiding future development and applications of hybrid materials.