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Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
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Connective tissue develops from the mesoderm of a developing embryo and consists of cells, fibers, and ground substance: a gel-like material containing large complexes of carbohydrates and proteins. Connective tissue was first identified as a separate tissue family in the 18th century, and Johannes Peter Muller coined the term connective tissue.
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The Beta Cell in Type 2 Diabetes.

Ashley A Christensen1, Maureen Gannon2,3,4,5

  • 1Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.

Current Diabetes Reports
|August 11, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) alters pancreatic beta cells, affecting their identity, mass, and function. Strategies to alleviate stress and dedifferentiation may restore beta cell health and insulin production.

Keywords:
DedifferentiationDisallowed genesER stressOxidative stressβ-cell dysfunctionβ-cell metabolism

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Cell Biology
  • Metabolic Diseases

Background:

  • Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is characterized by progressive beta-cell dysfunction.
  • Understanding beta-cell alterations in T2D is crucial for developing effective therapies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review changes in beta-cell identity, mass, metabolism, and signaling in T2D.
  • To explore potential therapeutic strategies targeting beta-cell dysfunction.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on T2D and pancreatic beta cells.
  • Analysis of molecular and cellular changes in beta cells.

Main Results:

  • Beta cells in T2D exhibit altered gene expression, dedifferentiation, and transdifferentiation.
  • Metabolic stress, ER stress, and prostaglandin signaling impact beta-cell function and survival.
  • Beta-cell defects in T2D are heterogeneous, involving mass, development, and stress responses.

Conclusions:

  • Targeting stress pathways and promoting beta-cell rejuvenation are promising therapeutic avenues.
  • Restoring beta-cell identity and function could offer new treatments for T2D.