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Related Concept Videos

Echo01:06

Echo

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The human ear cannot distinguish between two sources of sound if they happen to reach within a specific time interval, typically 0.1 seconds apart. More than this, and they are perceived as separate sources.
Imagine the sound is reflected back to the ears. Assuming that the source is very close to the human, the difference between hearing the two sounds—the emitted sound and the reflected sound—may be more than the minimum time for perceiving distinct sounds. If this is the case,...
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Scientists always try their best to record measurements with the utmost accuracy and precision. However, sometimes errors do occur. These errors can be random or systematic. Random errors are observed due to the inconsistency or fluctuation in the measurement process, or variations in the quantity itself that is being measured. Such errors fluctuate from being greater than or less than the true value in repeated measurements. Consider a scientist measuring the length of an earthworm using a...
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Newton’s first law is usually considered to be a statement about reference frames. It provides a method for identifying a special type of reference frame: the inertial reference frame. In principle, we can make the net force on a body zero. If its velocity relative to a given frame is constant, then that frame is said to be inertial. So, by definition, an inertial reference frame is a reference frame where Newton's first law holds valid. Newton's first law applies to objects with...
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Non-inertial Frames of Reference01:27

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A reference frame accelerating or decelerating relative to an inertial frame is a non-inertial frame. To help understand this, consider what taking off in an airplane, turning a corner in a car, riding a merry-go-round, and the circular motion of a tropical cyclone all have in common. All these systems are accelerating, decelerating, or rotating relative to the Earth; hence, they all are non-inertial frames. All these systems exhibit inertial forces, which merely seem to arise from motion,...
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Phase-Contrast Microscopes
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Systematic assessment of multi-echo dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI using a digital reference object.

Ashley M Stokes1, Natenael B Semmineh1, Ashley Nespodzany1

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Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
|August 11, 2019
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Multi-echo dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI improves accuracy for brain tumor perfusion metrics. This method is robust and flexible, reducing reliance on preload doses while still requiring leakage correction for optimal results.

Keywords:
brain tumor hemodynamicsdigital reference object (DRO)dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC)multi-echoperfusion

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Area of Science:

  • Radiology
  • Medical Imaging
  • Neuro-oncology

Background:

  • Dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) MRI is crucial for brain tumor assessment.
  • T1 and contrast agent leakage effects compromise hemodynamic metric accuracy in DSC-MRI.
  • Optimizing multi-echo DSC-MRI protocols is essential for reliable perfusion measurements.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the optimal multi-echo DSC-MRI perfusion protocol.
  • To evaluate acquisition parameter strategies for accurate hemodynamic metrics.
  • To address limitations of single-echo DSC-MRI in brain tumor imaging.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a computational approach with a population-based DSC-MRI digital reference object (DRO).
  • Assessed influence of preload dosing, field strength (1.5T/3T), and pulse sequence parameters (TE, TR, flip angle).
  • Compared multi-echo DSC-MRI protocols against standard single-echo protocols, including leakage correction.

Main Results:

  • Multi-echo DSC-MRI demonstrated high consistency and superior accuracy for relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) compared to single-echo.
  • Repetition time and flip angle showed minimal impact on multi-echo rCBV accuracy, allowing acquisition flexibility.
  • Echo time choice had minimal impact, but longer echo times should be avoided; leakage correction enhanced rCBV accuracy.

Conclusions:

  • Multi-echo acquisitions offer robustness, decoupling rCBV accuracy from repetition time and flip angle.
  • Multi-echo DSC-MRI reduces the need for preload dosing.
  • Leakage correction remains critical for achieving high rCBV accuracy in multi-echo DSC-MRI.