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Updated: Jan 21, 2026
Interventional Diagnostic Procedure: A Practical Guide for the Assessment of Coronary Vascular Function
Published on: March 15, 2022
Differences in risk factors and resource utilization for women undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention and
Rajkumar Doshi1, Krunalkumar Patel2, Rupak Desai3
1Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Nevada.
Insights
Women undergoing peripheral vascular intervention (PVI) face higher risks and costs than those receiving percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). PVI patients were older, had more comorbidities, and incurred greater healthcare resource utilization, including longer hospital stays and higher costs.
Area of Science:
- Cardiovascular Interventions
- Health Services Research
- Vascular Surgery
Background:
- Coronary artery disease (CAD) and peripheral artery disease (PAD) significantly impact morbidity and mortality.
- Limited comparative data exists on risk factors and outcomes for women undergoing PCI versus PVI.
- Understanding these differences is crucial for optimizing care for female patients with cardiovascular conditions.
Purpose of the Study:
- To compare risk factors and in-hospital outcomes between women undergoing PCI and PVI.
- To identify disparities in patient profiles and resource utilization for these two interventional procedures.
- To inform clinical practice and healthcare resource allocation for women undergoing cardiovascular interventions.
Main Methods:
- Analysis of female hospitalizations (age ≥18) from 2005-2014 using the National Inpatient Sample database.
- Identification of PCI and PVI procedures using International Classification of Diseases-Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes.
- Primary endpoint: Charlson's Comorbidity Index (CCI); Coprimary endpoint: hospitalization cost.
Main Results:
- PVI patients were older (mean age difference 3.2 years) and had a higher prevalence of severe comorbidities (CCI ≥3) compared to PCI patients.
- PVI hospitalizations were associated with a longer length of stay (3 days vs. 2 days) and higher costs ($23,610 vs. $20,571) than PCI.
- Both PCI and PVI cohorts showed an increasing trend in CCI and hospitalization costs over the study period.
Conclusions:
- Women undergoing PVI present with a higher-risk profile and greater healthcare resource utilization compared to those undergoing PCI.
- PVI is associated with increased length of stay and higher hospitalization costs, highlighting a need for targeted management strategies.
- These findings underscore the importance of sex-specific considerations in the management of cardiovascular interventions.
Objective:
To investigate the differences in risk factors and in-hospital outcomes for women undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and peripheral vascular intervention (PVI).
Background:
The clinical impact of coronary artery disease (CAD) and peripheral artery disease (PAD) is well characterized and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. There is lack of data comparing risk factors and in-hospital outcomes for PCI and PVI, particularly in women.
Methods:
Only female hospitalizations (age ≥ 18 years) who underwent PCI or PVI from 2005 to 2014 were identified using appropriate International Classification of Diseases-Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes from the National Inpatient Sample database. Charlson's Comorbidity Index (CCI) was selected as the primary endpoint of the study. Coprimary endpoint was the cost of hospitalizations associated with PCI or PVI.
Results:
Of the 2,461,328 female hospitalizations that were included, 85.6% (N = 2,105,236) underwent PCI and 14.4% (N = 356,092) received PVI. Compared to PCI, PVI hospitalizations were 3.2 years older (p < .001) and consisted of significantly more hospitalizations above 80 years of age (26.5% vs. 18.6%; p < .001). Hospitalizations with CCI ≥3 were significantly higher in the PVI cohort (29.1% vs. 24%; p < .001). CCI in women increased during the study period for both groups. PVI hospitalizations had a significantly longer length of stay (3 days vs. 2 days; p < .001) and cost of hospitalization ($23,610 vs. $20,571; p < .001), compared to PCI. Finally, the mean cost of hospitalizations increased during the study period for PCI and PVI.
Conclusion:
Women hospitalized for PVI had a greater risk-profile and resource utilization as demonstrated by the longer length of stay and higher cost compared to PCI.
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