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Updated: Jan 21, 2026

Induction and Micro-CT Imaging of Cerebral Cavernous Malformations in Mouse Model
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Hemorrhage Risk of Untreated Isolated Cerebral Cavernous Malformations

Kathryn N Kearns1, Ching-Jen Chen1, Kaan Yagmurlu1

  • 1Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.

World Neurosurgery
|August 11, 2019
PubMed

Insights

Previous hemorrhage is a key predictor of future bleeding in cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs). Patients with a history of hemorrhage face a significantly higher risk of subsequent symptomatic events.

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Neurosurgery
  • Vascular Malformations

Background:

  • Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) are vascular anomalies that can lead to hemorrhage.
  • Predicting hemorrhage risk is crucial for patient management and treatment selection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify predictors of hemorrhage in patients with CCMs.
  • To compare the risk of subsequent symptomatic hemorrhage in CCMs with and without a history of prior hemorrhage.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of 84 patients with 90 CCMs diagnosed between 1982 and 2017.
  • Exclusion of patients with diffuse/familial syndromes or insufficient follow-up.
  • Primary endpoint: acute symptomatic hemorrhage; comparison of incidence between patients with and without previous hemorrhage.

Main Results:

  • Previous hemorrhage was the sole significant predictor of symptomatic hemorrhage (P=0.003).
  • CCMs with prior hemorrhage showed a substantially higher risk (2.7% annual rate) versus those without (0.15% annual rate).
  • Hemorrhage-free survival rates were significantly lower for CCMs with a history of hemorrhage.

Conclusions:

  • A history of hemorrhage is a significant predictor of future symptomatic bleeding in cerebral cavernous malformations.
  • Patients with prior hemorrhage in CCMs have a markedly elevated risk of recurrent symptomatic hemorrhage.
Abstract

Keywords:
CavernomaCavernous malformationHemorrhageRisk

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