Fundamentals of Cardiac Mapping
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Updated: Jan 21, 2026

Real-Time Cardiac Mapping with a Noninvasive Imageless Electrocardiographic Imaging System
Published on: April 11, 2025
Thomas P Ladas1, Alan Sugrue1, John Nan1
1Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Division of Heart Rhythm Services, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
Abstract:
To characterize cardiac activity and arrhythmias, electrophysiologists can record the electrical activity of the heart in relation to its anatomy through a process called cardiac mapping (electroanatomic mapping, EAM). A solid understanding of the basic cardiac biopotentials, called electrograms, is imperative to construct and interpret the cardiac EAM correctly. There are several mapping approaches available to the electrophysiologist, each optimized for specific arrhythmia mechanisms. This article provides an overview of the fundamentals of EAM.
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An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a diagnostic tool for identifying cardiac conditions such as arrhythmias, conduction abnormalities, and myocardial ischemia.
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An electrocardiogram (ECG) visualizes the heart's electrical activity by tracing the electrical movement associated with each heartbeat on a graph or monitor. As the heart beats, an electrical wave passes through it, correlating with the cardiac cycle events.
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