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Evaline S Tsai1, Sandy F Himmelstoß, Lisa M Wiesholler

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Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) were studied for pH sensing. A pH-dependent inner filter effect, not resonance energy transfer, was found to be the primary mechanism for quenching UCNP emission, enabling ratiometric pH measurements.

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Area of Science:

  • Nanomaterials Science
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Spectroscopy

Background:

  • Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) offer potential for chemical imaging by integrating dyes and quenchers.
  • Understanding the interaction mechanisms between UCNPs and sensing molecules is crucial for developing advanced sensors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the coupling mechanism between UCNPs and anthraquinone dyes (Calcium Red, Alizarin Red S) as a function of pH.
  • To elucidate the role of inner filter effect (IFE) versus resonance energy transfer (RET) in UCNP-based pH sensing.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated pH-dependent quenching of UCNP emission using Calcium Red and Alizarin Red S.
  • Analyzed spectral overlap and theoretical Förster distance for UCNP-RET.
  • Utilized green and red emission bands of UCNPs for ratiometric measurements.

Main Results:

  • The green emission of UCNPs was quenched by a pH-dependent IFE, while the red emission served as a stable reference.
  • Little evidence for RET was observed, even with electrostatic attachment of dyes to UCNPs.
  • UC-RET was calculated to be <10% due to the point-emitter nature of UCNPs.

Conclusions:

  • The primary mechanism for pH-dependent quenching in this UCNP system is IFE, not RET.
  • This understanding facilitates the rational design of UCNP-based pH sensors utilizing IFE for accurate ratiometric measurements.