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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 21, 2026

Task Interruption and Resumption Paradigm for Testing the Activation and Pursuit of an Abstract Thinking Goal

Task Interruption and Resumption Paradigm for Testing the Activation and Pursuit of an Abstract Thinking Goal

Published on: April 18, 2017

Task Interruption and Control Recovery Strategies After Take-Over Requests Emphasize Need for Measures of Situation

Tobias Vogelpohl¹, Franziska Gehlmann², Mark Vollrath¹

¹Technische Universität Braunschweig, Germany.

|August 13, 2019

Summary

Drivers performing non-driving-related tasks (NDRTs) may delay crucial actions like mirror checks after a take-over request (TOR). This highlights the need to analyze driver attention beyond automation deactivation times for enhanced driving safety.

Keywords:

driving simulator nondriving-related tasks reaction time situation awareness take-over request

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A Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate Interference in Working Memory by Distractions and Interruptions

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Published on: July 16, 2015

Area of Science:

Human-Computer Interaction
Automotive Safety
Cognitive Psychology

Background:

Nondriving-related tasks (NDRTs), such as office work, are common during automated driving.
Complex NDRTs can significantly impact a driver's ability to regain manual control and visual attention following a take-over request (TOR).

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate whether evaluating only automation deactivation time is sufficient for understanding the transition to manual driving after TORs.
To examine the influence of office-based NDRTs on driver behavior during TORs.

Main Methods:

A driving simulator study with 51 participants performing office tasks or no task.
Recorded reaction times in high- and low-urgency scenarios.
Analyzed task interruption strategies and attentional dynamics.

Main Results:

Most participants (90%) deactivated automation within 7-8 seconds but delayed mirror checks until 11-14 seconds.
Drivers engaged in NDRTs exhibited varied task interruption strategies (sequential or parallel), seemingly based on individual preference rather than situation.
Task interruption strategies were not adapted to the take-over request urgency or task type.

Conclusions:

Drivers performing NDRTs may neglect lower-priority subtasks, like mirror checks, after a TOR.
Automation deactivation time alone is insufficient to assess driver readiness for manual control; attentional dynamics are critical.
Analyzing attentional dynamics during take-over situations is crucial for improving the safety of handover assistance systems.