Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Oxidation Numbers03:14

Oxidation Numbers

42.2K
In redox reactions, the transfer of electrons occurs between reacting species. Electron transfer is described by a hypothetical number called the oxidation number (or oxidation state). It represents the effective charge of an atom or element, which is assigned using a set of rules.
42.2K
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions03:11

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

75.1K
Oxidation–Reduction Reactions
75.1K
Pyruvate Oxidation01:15

Pyruvate Oxidation

168.4K
After glycolysis, the charged pyruvate molecules enter the mitochondria via active transport and undergo three enzymatic reactions. These reactions ensure that pyruvate can enter the next metabolic pathway so that energy stored in the pyruvate molecules can be harnessed by the cells.
First, the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase removes the carboxyl group from pyruvate and releases it as carbon dioxide. The stripped molecule is then oxidized and releases electrons, which are then picked up by NAD+...
168.4K
Electron Carriers01:24

Electron Carriers

91.5K
Electron carriers can be thought of as electron shuttles. These compounds can easily accept electrons (i.e., be reduced) or lose them (i.e., be oxidized). They play an essential role in energy production because cellular respiration is contingent on the flow of electrons.
Over the many stages of cellular respiration, glucose breaks down into carbon dioxide and water. Electron carriers pick up electrons lost by glucose in these reactions, temporarily storing and releasing them into the electron...
91.5K
Electron Transport Chains01:28

Electron Transport Chains

111.7K
The final stage of cellular respiration is oxidative phosphorylation that consists of two steps: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. The electron transport chain is a set of proteins found in the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is to establish a proton gradient that can be used during chemiosmosis to produce ATP and generate electron carriers, such as NAD+ and FAD, that are used in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
The ETC is comprised of...
111.7K
Electron Affinity03:07

Electron Affinity

43.0K
The electron affinity (EA) is the energy change for adding an electron to a gaseous atom to form an anion (negative ion).
43.0K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Molecular design strategy for solution-phase magneto-chiral photochemistry.

Chemical communications (Cambridge, England)·2026
Same author

LumbarSR: A Paired Clinical CT and Photon-Counting Micro-CT Dataset for Human Lumbar Vertebrae.

Scientific data·2026
Same author

Selective H<sub>2</sub> Production upon NH<sub>3</sub>BH<sub>3</sub> Hydrolysis over a Magnetic Cu/Ni-CMS Catalyst.

Inorganic chemistry·2026
Same author

Highly Active Hydrogen Evolution Achieved by Microwave-Assisted Rapid Anchoring of Single Platinum Atom on S-Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>x</sub>.

ChemSusChem·2026
Same author

Enhanced Luminescence of Camphor-Derived Eu(III) Complex via Aggregate Formation in Methanol-Water Solution.

Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2026
Same author

Intra-Ionic Dual Excited-State Emissions of Micelle-Encapsulated Eu(III) for Metal-Ion Sensing Map.

Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 21, 2026

Patterning Cells on Optically Transparent Indium Tin Oxide Electrodes
26:16

Patterning Cells on Optically Transparent Indium Tin Oxide Electrodes

Published on: August 20, 2007

12.3K

Nanometre-thin indium tin oxide for advanced high-performance electronics.

Shengman Li1, Mengchuan Tian1, Qingguo Gao1

  • 1Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.

Nature Materials
|August 14, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ultra-thin indium tin oxide (ITO) channels enable high-performance transistors. This research demonstrates advanced semiconductor devices using ITO for future low-power electronics.

More Related Videos

Fabrication of a Solution-gated Indium-Tin-Oxide-based One-piece Transistor Enabling Sensitive Biosensing
10:45

Fabrication of a Solution-gated Indium-Tin-Oxide-based One-piece Transistor Enabling Sensitive Biosensing

Published on: August 29, 2025

670
A Functional Assay for Gap Junctional Examination; Electroporation of Adherent Cells on Indium-Tin Oxide
11:02

A Functional Assay for Gap Junctional Examination; Electroporation of Adherent Cells on Indium-Tin Oxide

Published on: October 18, 2014

10.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 21, 2026

Patterning Cells on Optically Transparent Indium Tin Oxide Electrodes
26:16

Patterning Cells on Optically Transparent Indium Tin Oxide Electrodes

Published on: August 20, 2007

12.3K
Fabrication of a Solution-gated Indium-Tin-Oxide-based One-piece Transistor Enabling Sensitive Biosensing
10:45

Fabrication of a Solution-gated Indium-Tin-Oxide-based One-piece Transistor Enabling Sensitive Biosensing

Published on: August 29, 2025

670
A Functional Assay for Gap Junctional Examination; Electroporation of Adherent Cells on Indium-Tin Oxide
11:02

A Functional Assay for Gap Junctional Examination; Electroporation of Adherent Cells on Indium-Tin Oxide

Published on: October 18, 2014

10.3K

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Semiconductor Physics
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Indium tin oxide (ITO) is a transparent conductive oxide with limitations in semiconducting applications due to degenerate doping.
  • Existing metal oxides and 2D materials face challenges in scaling and performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop high-performance transistors using ultra-thin ITO channels.
  • To overcome the limitations of ITO in semiconducting applications.
  • To explore ITO's potential for advanced low-power electronics.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of short-channel active transistors with ultra-thin (4 nm) ITO channels.
  • Integration with a high-quality lanthanum-doped hafnium oxide dielectric (0.8 nm equivalent oxide thickness).
  • Characterization of transistor performance, including short-channel immunity, logic inverter gain, and radiofrequency capabilities.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated short-channel immunity with a subthreshold slope of 66 mV/decade and off-state current <100 fA/μm.
  • Achieved high on/off ratios up to 5.5 × 10^9.
  • Exhibited high gain (178) in logic inverters at 0.5 V supply and radiofrequency performance exceeding 10 GHz (fT and fmax).

Conclusions:

  • Ultra-thin ITO channels, combined with advanced dielectrics, offer competitive performance compared to existing materials.
  • ITO's properties are promising for scaling below 5 nm for next-generation low-power electronics.
  • This work unlocks new possibilities for ITO in advanced semiconductor device applications.