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Updated: Jan 21, 2026

Plasma Polishing as a New Polishing Option to Reduce the Surface Roughness of Porous Titanium Alloy for 3D Printing
Published on: April 28, 2023
Calcium phosphate coated 3D printed porous titanium with nanoscale surface modification for orthopedic and dental
Susmita Bose1, Dishary Banerjee1, Anish Shivaram1
1W. M. Keck Biomedical Materials Research Laboratory, School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, 99164-2920, USA.
Abstract:
This study aims to improve the interfacial bonding between the osseous host tissue and the implant surface through the application of doped calcium phosphate (CaP) coating on 3D printed porous titanium. Porous titanium (Ti) cylinders with 25% volume porosity were fabricated using Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS™), a commercial 3D Printing technique. The surface of these 3D printed cylinders was modified by growing TiO2 nanotubes first, followed by a coating of with Sr2+ and Si4+ doped bioactive CaP ceramic in simulated body fluid (SBF). Doped CaP coated implants were hypothesized to show enhanced early stage bone tissue integration. Biological properties of these implants were investigated in vivo using a rat distal femur model after 4 and 10 weeks. CaP coated porous Ti implants have enhanced tissue ingrowth as was evident from the CT scan analysis, push out test results, and the histological analysis compared to porous implants with or without surface modification via titania nanotubes. Increased osteoid-like new bone formation and accelerated mineralization was revealed inside the CaP coated porous implants. It is envisioned that such an approach of adding a bioactive doped CaP layer on porous Ti surface can reduce healing time by enhancing early stage osseointegration in vivo.
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