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Related Concept Videos

Nuclear Fusion02:45

Nuclear Fusion

33.7K
The process of converting very light nuclei into heavier nuclei is also accompanied by the conversion of mass into large amounts of energy, a process called fusion. The principal source of energy in the sun is a net fusion reaction in which four hydrogen nuclei fuse and ultimately produce one helium nucleus and two positrons.
A helium nucleus has a mass that is 0.7% less than that of four hydrogen nuclei; this lost mass is converted into energy during the fusion. This reaction produces about...
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Transcription01:10

Transcription

155.5K
Overview
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in the proper synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA). Regulation of transcription is responsible for the differentiation of all the different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds...
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Transcription Factors02:16

Transcription Factors

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Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
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Master Transcription Regulators02:23

Master Transcription Regulators

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Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
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Eukaryotic Transcription Inhibitors01:52

Eukaryotic Transcription Inhibitors

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Certain biochemical processes, such as embryonic development and cell growth regulation, depend on the repression of specific genes. DNA binding proteins known as eukaryotic transcription inhibitors regulate the repression of gene expression in eukaryotes. The presence of these inhibitors at the required location and time in the cell is triggered by the presence of hormones and additional signals from other cells.
Eukaryotic transcription inhibitors usually contain two distinct domains, a...
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Eukaryotic Transcription Activators02:42

Eukaryotic Transcription Activators

12.6K
Transcription activators are proteins that promote the transcription of genes from DNA to RNA. In most cases, these proteins contain two separate domains ‒ a domain that binds to DNA and a domain for activating transcription; however, in some cases, a single domain is responsible for both binding and activation of transcription, as seen in the glucocorticoid receptor and MyoD.
The binding domains are capable of recognizing and interacting with regulatory sequences on the DNA. These...
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Fusion transcripts: Unexploited vulnerabilities in cancer?

Carla Neckles1, Soumya Sundara Rajan1, Natasha J Caplen1

  • 1Functional Genetics Section, Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland.

Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. RNA
|August 14, 2019
PubMed
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Gene fusions create complex chimeric transcripts impacting cancer. Understanding fusion RNA processing and diversity is key to developing effective RNA-based cancer therapies.

Keywords:
RNA-based therapeuticsalternative splicingfusion-driven cancersoncogenic fusion transcripts

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genomics
  • Cancer Research

Background:

  • Gene fusions, resulting from genomic rearrangements, are significant drivers in various cancers.
  • While fusion oncogenes aid in cancer diagnosis and treatment, their impact on RNA biogenesis is poorly understood.
  • Fusion-driven cancers present RNA-related vulnerabilities in precursor messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) processing and mature messenger RNA stability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how the genetic structure of fusion oncogenes influences the generation of translatable mature RNAs.
  • To explore the diversity of fusion transcripts across different cancer subtypes and their role in tumorigenesis and treatment.
  • To discuss functional genomic strategies for identifying proteins involved in fusion pre-mRNA processing.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of genetic organization of fusion oncogenes.
  • Examination of fusion transcript diversity in various cancer subtypes.
  • Discussion of functional genomic approaches for identifying RNA processing factors.

Main Results:

  • The genetic architecture of fusion oncogenes dictates the production of translatable mature RNAs.
  • Significant diversity exists in fusion transcripts, influencing tumorigenesis and therapeutic responses.
  • Functional genomic methods can identify key proteins mediating fusion pre-mRNA processing.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding fusion transcript biogenesis is crucial for advancing cancer treatment.
  • The diversity of chimeric RNAs in fusion-driven cancers impacts therapeutic success.
  • Enhanced knowledge will facilitate the application of RNA-based therapies for these tumors.