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Related Concept Videos

Breathing01:05

Breathing

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The process of breathing, inhaling and exhaling, involves the coordinated movement of the chest wall, the lungs, and the muscles that move them. Two muscle groups with important roles in breathing are the diaphragm, located directly below the lungs, and the intercostal muscles, which lie between the ribs. When the diaphragm contracts, it moves downward, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and creating more room for the lungs to expand. When the intercostal muscles contract, the ribs...
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Mechanism of Breathing II: Expiration01:23

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Mechanism of Breathing I: Inspiration01:30

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Introduction to Inspiration: The Respiratory System in Action
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Gastrointestinal (GI) diagnostic studies are pivotal in confirming, ruling out, diagnosing, or staging various diseases, including cancers. Following diagnosis, allocating time for discussions with the patient and providing informational resources is crucial. Diagnostic assessments of the GI tract often occur in outpatient settings like endoscopy suites or GI labs. Preparation for these tests may include dietary restrictions, fasting, liquid bowel preparations, laxatives, enemas, and the...
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Mechanism of Breathing III: The Accessory Muscles01:21

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 21, 2026

Investigation into Deep Breathing through Measurement of Ventilatory Parameters and Observation of Breathing Patterns
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Investigation into Deep Breathing through Measurement of Ventilatory Parameters and Observation of Breathing Patterns

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Rubral modulation of breathing.

Michael George Zaki Ghali1

  • 1Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.

Experimental Physiology
|August 14, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The red nucleus significantly modulates breathing by influencing respiratory rhythm and pattern generators. It plays a key role in responses to low oxygen and noxious stimuli, integrating respiration with other motor activities.

Keywords:
breathingchemosensitivityhypoxic ventilatory depressioninspiratory off switchlocomotormesencephalicmidbrainred nucleus

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Respiratory Physiology
  • Systems Biology

Background:

  • The pontomedullary respiratory network generates basic breathing patterns.
  • The midbrain, particularly the red nucleus, exerts significant modulatory control over respiration.
  • Understanding rubral influence is crucial for comprehending integrated behavioral states.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of the red nucleus in respiratory control.
  • To highlight rubral projections and their impact on respiratory circuitry.
  • To underscore the red nucleus's function in integrating respiration with other vital activities.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on rubral modulation of respiration.
  • Analysis of studies on rubromedullary and rubrospinal pathways.
  • Examination of lesion and stimulation studies in respiratory control.

Main Results:

  • The red nucleus modulates respiratory rhythm and pattern generators via extensive projections.
  • Rubral stimulation affects medullary respiratory units and induces phase transitions.
  • Lesioning the red nucleus eliminates hypoxic ventilatory depression and influences responses to noxious stimuli.

Conclusions:

  • The red nucleus is vital for coordinating breathing during various behavioral states.
  • It integrates respiratory output with oromotor and locomotor activities.
  • Rubral modulation is essential for breathing regulation in freely behaving mammals.